The Quantal Nature of Speech: Evidence from Articulatory-acoustic Data

acoustic attributes acoustic characteristics acoustic output acoustic properties acoustic system acoustical theory air flow approximation of vocal-tract area function articulatory configuration arytenoid cartilages back cavity Breathy voice Chistovich constriction positions constriction sizes corresponding coupling between front cross-sectional area degree of constriction degree of vocal-tract describing the articulation envelope of vowel Fant first-formant frequency form of spectrum formant frequencies FREQUENCY kcps front cavity glottal vibration glottis high vowels high-frequency energy idealized model Institute of Technology Liberman mid vowels Morris Halle Nasal consonants natural frequencies obstruents orifice perturbations pharynx places of articulation posterior Progress and Status Quarterly Progress range of constriction range of values relatively insensitive retroflex consonant second formant Serpa-Leitão shown in Fig spectral energy concentration spectral prominence spectrum envelope speech sounds Speech Transmission Laboratory subglottal pressure supraglottal theory of vowel tract two-tube resonator type shown uniform tube vicinity vocal cords vocal-cord vibration vocal-tract constriction vocal-tract shape vowel production