Co., 39, Paternoster Row, E.C.4 (price Is. 9d. net). It is a delightful collection of forty-five short, picturesque stories, full of the fairy-tale spirit and rich in such imaginings as fascinate young children. The attractiveness of the book is considerably increased by the 45 clever little black-and-white drawings by H. R. Millar.

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Messrs. Pickering and Inglis, 14, Paternoster Row, E.C.4, and 229, Bothwell Street, Glasgow, are providing a number of inexpensive books suitable for young folk. Noodle, or From Barrack Room to Mission Field," by S. E. Burrow, with 4 illustrations by George Soper (price is. gd. net), is a story of barrack life and the difficulties and temptations undergone by a soldier who proves himself to be a true Christian and reliable defender of faith, King and country. "In an Isle of the Sea," by M. B. Paxton (price is. 3d. net) is a pleasant story with old-fashioned pictures of life in the Shetland Isles. "David Livingstone: The Factory Boy who became a Great Missionary," by J. J. Ellis (price is. net), is a member of the "Memoirs of Mighty Men " Series. In 64 pages the essential features in the life of the great Christian Missionary-Explorer of Africa are set forth in a form which should be appreciated by the young. There are a number of illustrations.

Mrs. Katharine Parr, mother of Miss Olive Katharine Parr, better known as

Miss Beatrice Chase, the author of many novels and descriptive sketches of Dartmoor and its folk, who in her daughter's books is referred to as "The Rainbow Maker," has just issued from her home, Venton House, Widecombe-in-the-Moor, near Ashburton, Devon, three books which are likely to interest many of our readers." All's Well that Ends Well" is a collection of five stories and a little play. "Stories of Animals I have loved" (price 3s. 6d.) will be particularly appreciated by young boys and girls who delight in pets. The descriptions of the dogs, a jackdaw and Peter the parrot will certainly amuse children. "The little Boy who set out to Walk to Heaven (price 3s. 6d. post free) is a simple, artistically-expressed story of childish adventuring which will appeal to little folk. The author has written these works in order to secure funds for her Dartmoor Holiday Home of Rest for Poor Gentlewomen.

A HISTORY CHART.

Messrs. George G. Harrap and Co., Ltd., 39-41, Parker Street, Kingsway, W.C.2, have just issued a "Time Chart of World History" (price 4d.). By an ingenious arrangement of columns, colours and lines, with dates along each side of the chart, the time periods in the history of the chief countries of ancient and modern lands are graphically set forth.

"EVERY CHILD."

"Every Child" is the title of the fifth Shaftesbury Lecture, delivered by Mr. J. L. Garvin, Editor of the Observer, on May 5, in the Kingsway Hall, London, and from it we take the following short extracts :

"Lord Shaftesbury was one of the fathers of factory legislation, and from his starting point you all know what has been achieved in shortening undue hours of labour, preventing the industrial exploitation of women and children, providing safety against accidents and precautions against industrial disease, bringing into existence better buildings with more light and air and cleanliness, ameliorating to the degree of transformation the physical conditions and environment of most industrial work.

"Remember that education, agitation, the press, especially the pictorial press, and the universal cinema, have altered the play of imagination and the standard of expectation to such an extent amongst the masses that they feel their disadvantages relatively to the comfortable classes more than their forebears in the illiterate days felt such squalor and degradation as first roused Lord Shaftesbury. There is possibly a discontent with despite the huge improvement, than was caused up to two generations ago by far worse conditions. In a word, we have to a large extent only aggravated mental unrest and resentment by stimulating ideas and desires far beyond such improvement as we have been able to effect in aids and surroundings.

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"Next come to education. We have gone so far that we cannot go back, and yet we have not gone far enough to create and spread firm knowledge, discriminating wisdom, definite faculty, solid acquirement and real good taste to any extent approaching proportion to the immense political sovereignty and responsibility which the general people now possess. We still have a sad and bad prevalence of haphazard parentage, ignorant maternity, untrained carelessness, with respect to the elements of health in the bringing up of children; coarse and wasteful cookery; preventable disease, avoidable debility, and impairment of the right faculties and senses of the human frame. In this island it is estimated that we have no less than a million persons mentally

"There is nothing in the world we more need to realize in this country than that idleness is a searching evil in itself an evil which is in no way cured or counteracted by making the yield of a great insurance system the partial substitute for earnings. While there is this extent of worklessness in our towns,

physically defective. We have another large number vitiated by drunkenness, and unfortunately the category includes both sexes. A still higher proportion of the population in this country, in this centre of the widest Empire that has ever existed, and in this year of its greatest Exhibition, is far below that standard of physique and that standard of training for the tasks of life which should belong to British citizens.

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"But one of the most powerful and creditable impulses throughout the working classes is that their children at least shall have a better chance than themselves. Behind other things this is often the irresistible instinct animating

people who are little conscious of it. You will never get the vast majority of the people in a democratic age to believe that children should come into the world, disqualified, as it were, from the cradle, and deprived from the beginning of the prospect of full mental and physical development. Perhaps I ought to guard myself here against misunderstanding. So far as the present state of the sciences enables us to judge, there never can be equality of luck, faculty and achievement. There never can be equal good fortune in heredity and parentage; in other early influences of personal example, moral atmosphere, imaginative association; or in that spirit of place, whether in town or country, which sets such an indelible impress upon us all when we are young. Hardly any two persons, for instance, are capable of making an equally good use of the same sums of money or of the same areas and qualities of soil. You might as well contend that you can always make two great pianists by providing any two students with two grand pianos of the same make. Some people are always doing wonders in spite of limited opportunities, and other people throw the fairest opportunities away. You cannot guarantee equal use of equal chances. But what you can and must give more and more to every human being-and you can only do it by beginning with every child-is the fair equality of chance. You can sweep away as far as public legislation and voluntary agencies can do it, the artificial restrictions and barriers from the path of talents and abilities and aspirations in working class life. You can remove everything that may be in that sphere a heavy or hopeless handicap on birth itself. We must do it for their sake whom we desire to benefit by it, and we must all do it for our own. What is the sense of talking of making the best, as we must, of our latent economic assets in respect of power and transport if we do not give at least as much thought to making the very best of our latent human assets?

conceive what our lives would have been without that influence. Yet there are hosts of children bred in the brick labyrinths who do not know what Nature means and have never had the chance to feel her simplest delights.

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"Let me confess my deepest conviction that this part of the chance is a sacred right of childhood, and that every street-bred boy and girl ought to have a month of every year in the country or at the seaside. Believe me, that in the end it would do more than many elaborate schemes of other kinds to sweeten the whole temper of our troubled social relations.

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"I think it preposterous that any boy or girl should be allowed to leave school before sixteen. The slower they are the more necessary is it to retain them to that age. Whether they are slow or bright-unless very rarely endowed with both wits and character-these years from 14 to 16 where our obligatory system ceases to act, are the very years in which you can really fix acquirement and make popular education a permanent possession, and as it were an instrument of life, by contrast with superficial instruction not genuinely assimilated but only temporarily memorized, forgotten for the most part when the average scholar comes to the premature leaving point. It is a strong notion of my own that every boy and girl in the upper standards of the elementary

schools should not only have some understanding of the chief mechanical appliances of modern life, but that in their closing years they should be taken into the country by sections at a time and shown what are the processes of tillage and pasture upon which the whole existence of the towns depends. The divorce from any kind of intelligent familiarity with the land and its working is the peculiar disability of the great majority of our people. Every boy and girl, whether they are to stay in Great Britain or elect to go to the Dominions, should have, in my conviction, some definite sense of the possibility of choice between a town

life and a country life.

Beyond this

Mr. Fisher's Act of 1918 provided for a limited but valuable amount of continuous education up to the age of 18. For financial reasons, after the war, these provisions have been largely suspended, but we never ought to rest until they are put into full force. There never was a more perverse case of organizing human waste-the worse kind of economic loss-in the name of small economies. Now we have young people between 14 and 18 turned on the streets at perhaps the most impressionable and critical period of all life. They have abnormal difficulties in getting employment. Even when they escape the worst temptations, we cannot easily imagine conditions more apt to demoralize character. Would it not be better beyond all question to keep them in the schools and strengthen their aptitudes for work until they actually obtain it? In all this we have been considering how to enable the average mass of children and young people to make the best of themselves. The exceptional are another affair, but not less important. Where they show not only the rare mental gifts but the fibre of high and honourable ambition, they should be vigilantly marked out, watched, supported, encouraged, and given every facility for rising through the higher schools to the universities and to the commanding positions of life afterwards. This, then, is a general suggestion of what I understand by the spirit and method of a system which would give every child its chance in order to make the utmost possible equality of opportunity a real thing in the private and public life of the coming generation. As you will have gathered, I personally regard the thorough application of this principle as a matter of life and death for social stability, industrial readjustment, and for the sure continuance of national greatness and success. There is only one way of replacing the human and economic losses of the war and grappling with the abnormal and unprecedented difficulties of the sequel. We have to work at all costs and by every single means to our hand for a broader and higher development of character and brains."

A copy of the complete lecture may be obtained on sending 34d. to Headquarters of the Shaftesbury Society, John Kirk House, 32, John Street, Theobald's Road, W.C.1.

PSYCHO-ANALYSIS.

Through the kindness of Miss Mary Chadwick, 6, Guilford Place, we have received the following impression of the eighth Congress of the International Psycho-Analytical Association. During the recent Eastertide, Salzburg, that charming old town in Austria, was the meeting-place of over one hundred and thirty men and women; doctors of medicine, educationists and others interested in various forms of educational and social work gathered together from all parts of Europe to hear papers read upon the most recent findings of psychoanalysis, and to take part in informal discussions upon points raised in these papers, as well as those which have appeared in books published during the past twelve months by the International Psycho-analytical press in Vienna. Sixteen different papers and lectures were presented, as well as a Symposium upon the Relation of Psycho-analytical Theory to Psycho-analytical Technique. The papers were divided into three groups: Clinical Matters; Therapeutic and Theoretical Questions; and Applied Psycho-analysis and General Questions. From the point of view of the child many of these were of absorbing interest, especially four, to which brief reference may be made. Perhaps the most interesting was a communication from Dr. Helene Deutsch upon the development of Woman, tracing all the complicated changes that must take place in her psychological attitude towards life in order that a normal and healthy transition may be made between being herself an infant and becoming as a mature adult the mother of another infant. Dr. Karl Abraham, of Berlin, presented a clear, well-workedout account of the significance played by the Oral-zone in the development of character, especially calling attention to those optimists who go through life expecting things "to drop into their mouths." One paper related to children

only, provided by Frau Melanie Klein, explaining how she used the child's capacity for reproducing in its games and with its toys those problems of life and the circumstances which caused it distress. She showed how, by allowing the child to enact these situations with playthings, one was able to discover the root of the difficulty and to explain the trouble to the child and its parents, and so set the little one free from the disturbing influence. The child in this way uses its games and playthings as a means of abreaction, repeating over and over again in a symbolic form the idea that it cannot reproduce in its crude form, because it is too alarming or has in some way been forbidden. Educationists were given a stimulus for deep consideration in an excellent lecture by Dr. Siegfried Bernfeld. Himself both a teacher of many years standing, as well as a psycho-analyst, who has devoted most of his time to the study of young people and educationists, he has attempted to find the way in which the findings of Psycho-analysis can be used to advance Education, so that it may (1) truly extend the resources of the child rather than merely add to the repressing forces increasing his or her inhibitions; (2) make use of the dynamic force of the Unconscious in the service of Education instead of arousing it in opposition; and (3) utilize the child's great faculty for Identification with the teacher in the formation of the new Ego Ideal which generally comes into being at puberty.

C.O.P.E.C.

The Conference on Christian Politics, Economics and Citizenship, held in Birmingham, April 5-12, has been an inspiring and instructive adventure in co-operative Christian discipleship, and has proved a profitable experiment in intellectual, social and spiritual team work. The great aim of the gathering seems to have been to show that the ethics of Christ provide a gospel of social relationships. Messrs. Longmans, Green and Co., 39, Paternoster Row, E.C.4, have issued for the Conference Committee a series of twelve volumes containing Reports presented to the

Conference. The first and introductory volume deals with "The Nature of God and His Purpose for the World," while the concluding volume is devoted to a careful study of "Historical Illustrations of the Social Effects of Christianity." The remaining ten volumes deal with Education, The Home, The Relation of the Sexes, Leisure, The Treatment of Crime, Christianity and War, Industry and Property, Politics and Citizenship, and the Social Function of the Church. As will be evident from this brief enumeration, there is much in these volumes which will be of special interest and service to those working for a higher standard of Parenthood and Christian Citizenship and increase of influences making for the protection and betterment of infancy, childhood and youth. We particularly commend to our readers the very able Reports dealing with Education, the Home and the Relation of the Sexes. A complete set of these notable publications costs 30s.

FACTS AND IMPRESSIONS.

Mr. Douglas Gordon Miller, Rector of Aberdeen Grammar School, has been appointed High Master of Manchester Grammar School, in succession to Mr. J. L. Paton, who retires in July after 21 years' service.

Miss K. M. Westaway, resident staff lecturer in classics at the Royal Holloway College, has been appointed to succeed Miss Tanner as headmistress of Bedford High School.

British women graduates desiring to pursue a course of advanced study in Paris will be glad to know that the American University Women's Club, 4, Rue de Chevreuse, is offering three residential scholarships, tenable from October. The value of each is 350 francs a month for nine months. The rates charged by the club are such that the scholar would have to pay, in addition, about 500 francs a month. Applications should be sent before June 10 to the Secretary, British Federation of University Women, 92, Victoria Street, S.W.1.

The London County Council has made arrangements with the University of London Press for the publication of a