that perhaps the feet were severed from the body of a dead person, and applied to the rock.

Cave 3 (Fig. 1).-This cave is in a high rocky escarpment of Hawkesbury sandstone, forming the boundary of Portion No. 65 of 40 acres in the parish of Price, county of Phillip. The nearest permanent water is in Cooyal Creek, about a mile to the southward. The shelter is 30 feet long,

extending into the rock about 15 feet.

The height at the entrance is 6 feet, increasing to 8 feet inside, owing to the dome-shaped roof.

The end of the cave on the right hand side of the interior on entering, is somewhat circular, the back wall curving round towards the front, or outwards. Out of a considerable number of paintings in this shelter, I have reproduced one

of the most important groups, drawn around the curved wall referred to. The figures plainly distinguishable, at the time of my visit, in this part of the cave, consisted of two left and three right hands; seven double tracks of a kangaroo, and six tracks of what appears to be a native dog's foot. Probably the feet of dead animals were employed in both instances. There is also the mark where some object has been cut out by some white visitor-most likely a hand. To the left of the kangaroo tracks—between these tracks and where the object has been cut out-and also above the dog's tracks, several paintings of hands have become too indistinct to copy.

This cave faces N. 35° E., and is about 150 feet above the flat ground to the south of it. It would have formed a very comfortable camping place in the winter time, when water could have been obtained in the small gullies running out of the hills close by. All the drawings have been executed in the red stencil method.

Cave 4.-This rock-shelter is situated in a high escarpment of Hawkesbury sandstone about 5 chains on the eastern side of the old Bulga road, and about a mile northeasterly from Portion No. 4, of 21 acres 2 roods 16 perches, in the parish of Milbrodale, county of Northumberland. It is 37 feet long, 17 feet deep, and 12 feet high, and faces N. 70° E. The floor contains hearth rubbish, and the roof is begrimed with smoke, indicative of the place having been used for residential purposes. Water is obtainable in Bulgar Creek, about a quarter of a mile distant.

At the present time there is but one right hand, done in white stencil, in this cave. There is a human figure and parts of two others outlined in black, and shaded in the same colour. There are three representations of snakes drawn in the same manner; also two objects, one on the right and the other on the left of the plate, probably intended to represent native weapons. What appears to be intended for a human head and shoulders is drawn in black outline, filled in with lines of red and black mixed indiscriminately. Towards the left is shown a pick-shaped object, similar to the one represented in Cave 1, outlined in black, and shaded with the same colour. There is also a native shield outlined and shaded in red, with a median bar down the centre. Crossing the lower end of the last named is a drawing in black, the meaning of which is not very obvious. Besides the foregoing there are three groups of

those remarkable white lines before referred to, one group containing three strokes, another five, and another eight. Between the last mentioned and the stencilled hand are seven white spots, with a short stroke downwards from the central one.

Cave 5.-The low escarpment of sandstone containing this shelter is within Portion No. 9 of 47 acres, in the same parish and county as the last described. It is about 2 chains easterly from the new Bulga road, and about 12 chains from Darkey Creek, in which the water is permanent. The cave, which faces N. 40° E., is 37 feet long, 11 feet high, and varying from 18 to 26 feet from front to back. The floor consists partly of rock, but chiefly of hearth rubbish and soil, the roof bearing the stains of the smoke of numerous fires, showing that the place has been used as a camp by the aborigines.

The drawings, which are all done in white stencil, consist of thirteen hands, two boomerangs, and an object 3 feet 9 inches long, by 3 inches wide, evidently a native weapon either flat and sword-like, or cylindrical and solid, as a waddy. Although the rock is hard, durable and dry, and the cave faces the forenoon sun, most of these paintings are rather faint, indicating that they are of considerable age.

ROCK CARVINGS.

It is not my intention on the present occasion to add a plate showing specimens of rock carvings, but will invite the reader to peruse a series of articles on this subject written by me during the past four or five years, which are illustrated by numerous plates.

In some of the articles referred to, I gave an account of the discovery of rock carvings in the vicinity of Sydney in 1788, shortly after the colony of New South Wales was founded, and also mentioned other parts of Australia where similar carvings have been observed since that period. In other papers directions were given for copying these drawings from the rocks on which they occur, by means of measurements and sketches made in a note-bock, with instructions for the preparation of plates for publication. In other communications I explained the manner in which carvings were cut upon the surface of the rocks by the native artists, and the possible purpose of the drawings. Several of my papers were largely occupied with illustrative

specimens, amounting in the aggregate to upwards of two hundred and thirty separate carvings, representing human beings, animals of various kinds, warlike implements, dances, hunting and fishing scenes, etc.*

MARKED TREES.

Aboriginal drawings on trees consist of representations of men, animals, weapons, the different heavenly bodies, lightning, and a variety of characters consisting of curved and zigzag lines, lozenge and oval shaped designs, chevrons, bars, etc. Marked trees of this kind are found at those camps where the initiation ceremonies are performed. The graves of the natives, the scenes of some of their fights, and remarkable events in their daily life are likewise commemorated by curious symbols marked on trees standing around the spot.

The specimens of native art found upon trees are executed in various ways. The mode of drawing most generally adopted is to outline the object by a nick cut with the tomahawk into the bark of the tree. In some cases the whole of the bark within the outline of the figure is removed; in other instances a portion of the bark is first removed from the tree, and the design cut into the wood. Some of these native drawings are merely scratched upon the bark of the tree, whilst others are painted upon the bark with red ochre or charcoal.

I will now proceed to describe some carvings copied by me from a number of trees on a Kamilaroi Bora ground on Redbank Creek, a tributary of the Weir River, in the parish of Tallwood, county of Carnarvon, Queensland. These carvings are shown on Plate X, hereto annexed, as Figs. 1 to 18 inclusive. Fig. 8 represents the crescent moon, cut through the bark, and a short distance below it are four zigzag lines. On another tree, Fig. 13, there is a centipede 3 feet 1 inch in length, with eighteen legs, chopped through the bark into the wood, with some diamond or lozenge shaped devices below it. On a forked box tree was the outline of an iguana, Fig. 17, 5 feet 2 inches long, cut through the bark. Fig. 18 represents a carpet snake

Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. Aust., Queensland Branch, vol. x, pp. 46–70 ; Ibid., vol. xi, pp. 86-106. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., London, vol. xxv, pp. 145-163; Ibid., vol. xxvii, pp. 532-541. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. xxxvi, pp. 195-208 and pp. 466-478.

9 feet 4 inches in length, with its head toward the ground, cut in the same manner. The marking on the remainder of the trees shown in the plate consists of the usual zigzag, lozenge, oval, and other devices. Growing near these was a small box tree, along the bole of which a wavy band about 2 inches wide had been cut with a tomahawk through the bark, extending from near the ground to a height of about 25 feet, representing a tree which had been struck by lightning; this tree is not shown in the plate.

DRAWINGS ON THE GROUND. (Plate X.)

Earthen figures formed in high relief, or engraven upon the turf, representing human beings, different animals, implements, and the curious designs called yowan by the Kamilaroi and Wiradjuri tribes, are found chiefly at those places where the youths are admitted into the status of manhood. Where they have been observed in other localities the circumstances would lead us to suppose that they were connected with some tribal myth or superstition, or were used on festive occasions.

Native drawings on the ground consist of several kinds. Some are first outlined by laying down logs, bark, bushes, or stones, to a certain height, and then covering them with earth to complete the figure. This was obviously done because the natives had very primitive tools for digging; in large drawings, raising a considerable quantity of earth would require much time and labour, especially if the ground were hard or clayey. In other instances the figures are formed entirely of the loose earth heaped up so as to resemble the horizontal image of the required object. Another kind of drawing consists of representations of men, animals, and devices in various patterns cut into the surface of the ground; a nick or groove from 2 to 3 inches wide and about 2 inches deep being dug in the turf along the outline of each figure. These grooves were dug with tomahawks, or with flat pieces of wood on which an edge had been formed. Other figures again are merely drawn upon the sand with a stick held in the hand of the operator.

In the annexed plate I have reproduced some of the ground drawings copied by myself at the same Bora camp as that containing the trees already dealt with. Figs. 19 to 45 will fairly represent the different patterns of yowan carved