(3) 0.

Heliconoi

des.

4) 0.

Amphrisius.

5) 0. Haliphron.

'6) O.Criton.

(7) 0. Hippolytus.

manthus.

O. Heliconoides, of Moore, in Mr. Hewitson's collection, but not in my own, is really the Java or Andaman form of O. Pompeus. It is smaller than the latter, and the spots on the hind-wings are small. It is doubtful whether it possesses a claim to be regarded as a distinct species.

O. Amphrisius (Fabr.), Malay Islands. A very distinct species, and, to my thinking, the handsomest of all this group; readily recognised from others by the fact of the male having scarcely any black edging to the clear yellow of the lower wings; upper wings very much pencilled. My own specimens of Amphrisius came out of a particularly large and fine collection of Borneo butterflies forwarded from Sarawak by Mr. Lowe to the care of Mr. Higgins, about twenty years since. Mr. Hewitson terms this butterfly Amphrisius of Fabr. It is the Amphrysus of Cramer, according to Mr. Kirby.

O.Haliphron (Boisd.), from Celebes, according to Mr.Hewitson and Mr. Kirby. My own specimens are from Ceram. The lower wing of the male consists of a patch of yellow, surrounded by a broad black band-not mere scalloping.

O. Criton (Feld.), Batchian and Gilolo. I have only one specimen of this insect, a male; not unlike Haliphron, but much rarer. It has more yellow in the lower wing, and the upper wings are deep black, instead of being pencilled.

O. Hippolytus (Cram.). Mr. Hewitson's specimens are from Celebes and Ceram, my own from Ceram and Amboyna. This butterfly is far better known to the generality of people by the name of Remus, but that of Hippolytus is the oldest, and therefore the one to be retained. Panthous is merely the Amboyna variety of Hippolytus. The black spots or blotches may be slightly larger in var. Panthous, but I am not sure that any difference really exists. The dark grey in the lower wings of the male and the lighter grey in the lower wings of the female serve to distinguish them from other species.

(8) O.Rhada O. Rhadamanthus (Boisd.), from the Philippines, according to Hewitson. My own specimens are from India. According to some there are two varieties of this insect, distinguished by the red or yellow collar respectively. The female Rhadamanthus has black scalloping, and black spots within the scalloping on the yellow of the lower wings.

(9) 0. Nephereus.

1

O. Nephereus (Gray) Luzon. The male is much smaller than that of Rhadamanthus. The scalloping of the lower wings of the male is also not so distinct, and more gradually shaded. The female Nephereus has a broad black band and yellow patch without spots on the lower wings. Mr. Hewitson's catalogue

does not mention Nephereus, whether as species or synonym. According to Mr. Kirby, Nephereus of Gray is a synonym of Rhadamanthus Boisd.

O. Darsius (Gray), Ceylon. Not unlike Criton, but a much (10) 0. commoner species, and with more yellow in lower wings.

Darsius.

Helena.

O. Helena (Linn.). Specimens from Malayan and Papuan (11) 0. Islands in Hewitson's collection. Also in Kirby's list. marked Ins. Papuana (one male and one female from Ceram and one female from India in my own collection). Male distinguished from that of most other yellow species by its large size. Black band at border of lower wing; scalloped on the inner edge.

my

O. Plato (one male and one female from Banda Islands in own collection). According to Kirby from Timor. Not in Hewitson's collection apparently. Male not unlike that of Helena, but much smaller, like that of Pompeus also, only deep black band instead of scalloping on lower wings.

(12) O. Plato.

Miranda.

O. Miranda (Butler). In my own collection from Merut. (13) 0. From Sarawak according to Hewitson and Kirby. Only known to science for the last eighteen or twenty years. Male like that of Amphrisius, another Borneo species, but with more decided scalloping, and upper wings have a purple bloom, as of a grape when seen in a bright light. Lower wings of female very characteristic and dark, a mere shading of yellow on a uniform black surface.

Magellanus.

O. Magellanus (Feld.), Philippines. In Hewitson's col- (14) 0. lection, but not in my own. Remarkable for green opal-like iridescence of lower wings of the male when shifted in the light. Long and narrow wings. Scarcely any black bordering to the yellow of the lower ones.

Genus

butterflies.

The most perfect case of resemblance to a dead leaf is af- Kallima. forded by the Leaf Butterflies, Kallima Paralekta, of Sumatra "Leaf" and Borneo, and the closely-allied species, Kallima inachis, of India, when settled and at rest. All the variations of their under surface (which varies much in tint in different specimens) correspond to those of dead leaves-yellow, ashy brown, or reddish, &c.

Deceptive

surfaceof the

at rest to

In many specimens, also, according to Wallace's description, Pembiance and as I can testify by some in my own collection, there of the under are patches and spots formed of small black dots, closely insect when resembling the way in which minute fungi grow on leaves. dead leaves. Further, when the insect thus remains in repose, the head and antennæ are drawn back between the wings so as to be quite concealed. The mid-rib of the leaf and likewise its lateral veins are exactly represented on the under surface of the butterfly, and lastly, the tail of the hind-wing forms a per

Protective imitation.

Destructive

mitation.

" Natural mimicry":

to mean.

rarer than mimicked

fect stalk, so that by this "protective imitation" of the surrounding dead leaves it contrives completely to elude the notice of insectivorous birds. To illustrate this adaptation of circumstances, without which the species, in consequence of its numerous foes, would rapidly become extinct, I had some specimens mounted on twigs and enclosed under a glass shade several years since, when delivering a lecture on entomology to a certain London parochial school.

In some of the Orthoptera that are only found in hot countries, as the Phyllium Scythe, or Walking Leaf, this imitation does not serve for self-protection, as in the instance of the Leaf Butterflies, but for destruction of their prey that unwaringly come within their reach, owing to their likeness to the vegetable creation.

In the Eastern tropics, as in all other hot countries, there what it is are, of course, many instances of what it has been agreed to understood term "natural mimicry." Whether this appellation has been felicitously chosen to designate what it is intended to convey may be open to question, but the meaning is that the butterfly, for example, of one genus mimicks the butterfly of another in its natural state, namely, that both are almost alike in the colours, markings, shape, with which they emerge from the chrysalis, and which accordingly they always wear, and that the said colours and markings are not put on or changeable at their will, like those of the chameleon that varies its hues according as its temper is placid or ruffled, and in proportion as that reptile is confined in a dark place of captivity or allowed fresh air, green leaves, and sunlight. Again, with Mimicker far regard to this natural mimicry, the insect that is the mimicker is far rarer than the one mimicked; it has therefore been conjectured that it is a provision of Nature to preserve the rarer species from utter extinction: that a rare Papilio, for instance, should mimic a comparatively common Euploa, because the Papilio is pleasant to the birds, and the Euploa pleasant to distasteful, or because, it may be, the Euploa can protect itself from its foes by swifter powers of flight; at any rate, these reasons, whether the real ones or not, have been assigned. Further, this natural mimicry exists between different genera sed of swifter that have great structural diversity in the nervation of the wings, and there are cases of one sex only of a certain species of one genus mimicking both sexes of another species belonging to another genus. This is aptly exemplified by the female of Diadema Misippus mimicking both male and female and female of the well-known Danais Chrysippus in its general tawny Chrysippus, ground-colour, and black and white markings, whereas the male of the above-named Diadema Misippus presents a

in some instances.

Mimicker

the birds, the mimicked

one not so. The

mimicked

one posses.

powers of

flight.

Female of
Misippus

Diadema

mimicks both male

of Danais

totally different appearance, being purplish or bluish black with large white discs or circular patches on the wings. Here again is an instance, not of a rare kind mimicking a much one common commoner species, but of one common kind mimicking mimicking another, Diadema Misippus and Danais Chrysippus being both ano.her. very common species.

species

tween moth

flies in Leth

ence of the

Once more we must not omit to notice that not Mimicry only does this mimicry exist between different genera of likewise bebutterflies, but between moths and butterflies in both and butter. hemispheres, notably between moths and such Papilios as hemispheres Rhetenor and Polydorus and the like in the Eastern tropics. Altogether there are far too numerous instances of this natural mimicry to specify here. I have never visited those regions of the tropics where the species that exhibit natural mimicry are to be found, but should imagine that in many cases the mimicker and the mimicked would be undistinguishable on the wing. Side by side in the cabinet a Papilio and a moth mimicking a Papilio would at once be recognised by the difference of the antennæ, however alike in all other points of superficial resemblance. Similarly those who are familiar The differwith the female of Diadema Misippus and both sexes of insects exDanais Chrysippus would never mistake the one for the other, mimiery ca though the respective specimens of these two kinds were always be mixed up any way and in any number in a box. There is side by side here some slight difference in the tint, and likewise in the hung markings of the two butterflies in question. The mimicry is not always quite complete, although nearly so-closer be- Mutual re. tween butterflies which we will term, for convenience, A and B, certain than between two other butterflies which we will name C and species D; closer again between butterfly E and moth F, than between that of other butterfly G and moth H. Sometimes the resemblance is Mutual not in corresponding size of the two respective species, only only in in colour, shape, and markings. Compare the South American Papilio Zagreus with the considerably smaller markings, Lycorea Ceres which it mimics, to take an example not from certain cae the Eastern, but from the Western Hemisphere.

་

hibiting

recognised

though not

on the wing

semblance u

greater tha

resemblance

colour,

shape, and

not in size i

reasous

signed for

the same.

I would not willingly be understood as myself favouring Objections to the term the prevalence of such terms as "natural mimicry, or "natural mimicry," "mimicker," or "mimicked." Neither do I possess sufficient and the knowledge to allege reasons why this mimicry should exist in the economy of Nature. I would also prefer to suspend my judgment in reference to reasons given by others that have been above assigned. Thus much I admit, that of two species. of two different genera resembling each other, one may be much rarer and more local than the other; that the instances of this mutual resemblance are very numerous in warm

SO

climates, and altogether unknown in temperate regions, far as I am aware. But supposing, for argument's sake, a mutual resemblance to exist not only between two species, but between three, or even four, between the representatives, not only of a Danais and a Papilio, or a Euploa and Papilio, or a moth and a Papilio, but between the Papilio, which we will term A, the Euploa, which we will agree to call B, and the Danais, and likewise the moth, C and D respectively. If such resemblance could be ostensibly shown between three or more different genera or tribes, which is the mimicker and which the mimicked? Is the one, namely, the Papilio, pleasant to the birds, and the Euploa, Danais, and the moth distasteful accordingly? Or are the Or are the three, the Euploa, Danais, and moth pleasant to their feathered foes, and the one, the Papilio, the reverse ? Are those that are commoner, and are mimicked, always possessed of swifter powers of wing than those that are rarer, and are the mimickers? Allowing, as has been already granted, the much greater rarity of one species exhibiting the mutual resemblance, as contrasted with the other, is not such rarity to some extent occasioned by our ignorance of the food-plant of its larva, or it may be the exact time of year when to look for both larva and imago? The term I should myself be disposed to employ, with "Correspon- regard to this phenomenon, would be as follows: "Corre-. superficial spondence of superficial resemblance between different genera." resemblance It has the merit of being an unexceptionably safe appellation.

dence of

between different genera.

Colour, size, shape, and markings are all superficial resemblances, quite apart from structural affinities, and it is precisely in colour, size, shape, and markings that one particular Diadema resembles a Danais, and one Papilio a Euploa. Whereas there is no such common similarity in any one of the said superficial resemblances among the very numerous species, taking them as a whole, that make up the great genus Papilio, and which has to be sub-divided into minor groups accordingly, only structural affinity in the nervation of the Himalayas wings.

and

Neilgherries far more productive in number of species of butterflies than the lowlands

of Pritish India.

In conclusion, with regard to British India, the Himalayast

*Though in temperate regions also there are instances of a butterfly mimicking an object of the vegetable creation. Compare the fact of Satyrus Semele being undistinguishable from the lichen on the boulder on which it is at rest with its lower wings alone visible, and the similarity of the green-spotted under surface of Anthorbaris Cardamines to the flower of the Cow-parsley on which it has settled.-F. A. W.

+ I must not omit mention of a very distinct and unique species from the Himalayas, the Teinopalpus imperialis, of a uniform mossy-green tint, with yellow and grey patches at the base of the lower wings. The said species is now assigned a place at the end of the Papilionidæ.-F. A. W.