entered, so as to give them a sense derived from the root may. . Yet Anathoth is on the slope towards Jordan, some miles north of Jerusalem, in a district where it is not certain that the Egyptians ever penetrated: I do not then propose the identification except with all reserve. The three following numbers Khalokatou (No. 112),

Δ 'Aïn - Gan-âmou (No. 113) and

Gab'âou (No. 114) form a group analogous to those which I have already noticed round Jaffa and Dourah for example. Gab'āou is ny, now el Djîb, in preference to Geb❜ā ya, and this seems to me to result from the very nearness of Khalokatou. I have already called the attention of Egyptologists to this in the Biblical passage where it is said that the men of Joab and Abner fought near Gibeah, at the place called Khelkath Ha-Zurim.* The Khalokatou of our list is, to my eyes, identical with this Khelkath to which the incident of David's wars added the epithet Hazurim. M. Tyrwhitt-Drake thought, with much reason, that Wâdy el-Askar, north of the village of el-Djîb, represents Khelkath Ha-Zurim, and is a translation or a reminiscence of the Hebrew name.†

Δ

7. En-gan-'āmou is in this case the spring of

. عين الجيب ol-Djib

The five names which terminate the list are

and

Aktomas (No. 119).§ Only one of

them answers to a known name: Bîr-kana appears to be Broukîn, in the hill country of Ephraim. It seems after this that we remount towards the north, to rejoin the part of the list which has related to Galilee. This impression

§ For these two names which Mariette gives incomplete (Les listes géographiques, p. 43), see Recueil, t. vii, pp. 94, 97.

is confirmed at first sight by the presence of

ན་

صلا

Zafiti

Zafiti or Zafidi, which may be a variant of or Zafidi, which is named in the narrative of the campaign. Yet this last Zafidi is very certainly in the plain of Mageddo, and it seems to me little probable that the scribe who drew up the list, if he wished to mention it, should not have registered it among the numerous towns already enumerated at the outset. I believe it is the more prudent to admit the existence of a second Zafiti, since the word,

and

specula, of which 14 and 201

are the exact transcript, may be applied to many different places. The name of Saffa li, which M. de Rougé has already compared with the first Safiti,* answers very exactly to from the philological point of view. In a geographical point of view it is not far distant from Broukîn. admit then in the new arrangement that it represents Zafiti in the list. This hypothesis receives

حلا

some support from the name of

Zeraro which

which is ,צרוֹרצְרֹר immediately precedes it. The Hebrew

صرر

its prototype, signifies 'flint,' and has for equivalent the popular word in the Arabic of Palestine.† Now, at some distance from Saffa, the Wâdy which runs to the north of Loudd takes the name Wady Serar. Perhaps the comparison of Zafiti allows the supposition that the name Serar, which the Wâdy takes, comes not from the pebbles that encumber its bed, like the bed of the torrents of Judæa, but from the town of Zeraro, Zerûr, which may have been built somewhere in the neighbourhood. The only site which in this part appears fit for a town is that which Guérin describes under the name Kharbet Ras

66

-a rough and rocky hill sur خربة راس اللقرع el-Lekra

rounded by ravines on difficulty. It was besides with a wall of enclosure

three sides and accessible with surrounded, in its higher part, whose circuit of about eight

*E. de Rougé, Sur divers monuments, p. 38.

+ Pal. Expl. F. Q. St., 1877, p. 181.

† Pal. Expl. F. Q. St., 1878, p. 116: "The vale is called Wâdy Sŭrar (a Hebrew word, meaning pebbles), and is the ancient Valley of Sorek."

hundred mètres is no longer indicated except by heaps. of materials, for the most part of small size. In the middle arises an enormous mass of similar material, the remains of constructions overthrown in heaps from the foundations." It is there, at the highest point of the place where the Wâdy en-Nâtouf begins to take the name of Wâdy Serar, that I should be disposed to place Zeraro. As to Houmâ and Aktomas, I can say nothing except that the identification of Aktomas with Mikmash† is improbable from all points

of view.

The names comprised in the second part of the list belong, as we see, to the regions of southern Syria included between the Mediterranean on the west, the crest of the mountainmass of Judah on the east, the valley of Beersheba on the south, that of the Nahr-el-Audja on the north; yet the most northern point, that of Broukîn, is situated nearly on the same line as Jaffa: Rohobou alone transgresses these limits, if it is indeed proved that Rohobou is the Rehoboth of Isaac, and that Rehoboth is er-Rouhaïbeh. The reason why Thothmes III. was confined within this narrow district is simple enough, and appears to me to arise from the study of the very facts which mark his campaign of the twenty-third year. I have already shown that the rather long stay of the Egyptians before Magidi explains why the greater number of the earlier names must be attributed to villages, even of little importance, belonging to the surrounding country. I will cite a similar reason to justify the composition of the portion of the list referring to Judæa. The narrative of the war opens by telling us that the army was at Gaza, doubtless quartered there for some time: it celebrated there the festival of the King, then marched rather slowly until the moment when, arrived at Iouhmâ (el-Kheïméh), Thothmes III. definitively settled his plan of action and launched himself rapidly on the enemy encamped in the plain of Esdraelon. Now if we examine the list we first meet, from Iarza (No. 60) to elHaditéh (No. 76), a group of towns and villages situated to the north of Gaza on the coast, in the Shéphéla, and on the eastern border of the Shéphéla, on the right and left of the route which the Egyptian army followed from Gaza to Iouhmâ. The march is slow, the enemy still far off; the Egyptians send out on the flanks of their principal column detachments of scouts, or of pillagers, who exact ransom from the towns

* Guérin, Samarie, t. ii, p. 69.

† Mariette, Les listes géographiques, p. 44.

and villages, taking care, however, not to stray into the Jordan-valley too far from the main body of the army. The second group, from Har (No. 77), to Gapouta (No. 103), brings us from Gerar by the great Wâdys which open to the south of Gaza, first in the environs of Beersheba and Rehoboth, then in the central valley of Judah, to Dora and into the district of Hebron. The fertility of this territory would be a perpetual temptation to the Egyptians, and we see the first campaign of Seti I. directed to Ras el-Kan'an, some leagues to the south of Hebron. It is nothing surprising if the troops concentrated at Gaza, and at leisure in their cantonments, should be attracted towards these fertile valleys, and the twenty-six names which form this section of the list bear witness to the success of their enterprise. The outward appearance of these names, compared with the appearance of those which we find in the list of Sheshonq, shows us that the country could not have differed much from what it now is: the nature of the soil repeats itself in the nomenclature of the places, and the hills (Har, Harîlou), the meadow-lands (Aubilou), the garden (Ganotou), the vineyards (Karman), the springs, here play a great part. In the third section of the list, from Gézer (No. 104) to Broukîn (No. 117), I find the trace of the last raids made during the halt at Iouhmâ. The Egyptian troops ascend by the Wâdys to the towns which at a later time belonged to the tribes of Benjamin and Ephraïm. Then comes the swift march on Mageddo, and the Egyptian army, united under the command of the king, advances in a single mass along the great route across forests and through defiles which I have elsewhere described after the Egyptian and classic documents. This way of looking at the matter explains to us both the composition of the list and the gaps which it presents. The greatest corresponds with the forced marches across Samaria, during which the army, always on the lookout, and forced to reach the defiles before the enemy, advised of its approach, had thought of occupying them, threw off no detachment right or left, and had no time to exact ransom from the population. The two compact groups of the north and the south correspond with the prolonged halts which it made before the action around Gaza, after the action and during the siege, around Mageddo. In the enumeration of this northern group I should be even disposed to distinguish two kinds of towns: those which were actually pillaged in * Entre Joppé et Mageddo, in 4to., 1886.

the plain of Esdraëlon and the neighbouring districts, and those which, situated at a distance, made their submission and bought themselves off before an Egyptian soldier had appeared under their walls. Of this number is certainly Qodshou, and probably Damascus: their contingents once beaten and their chiefs taken at Mageddo, they did not await the arrival of the conqueror, but submitted. Thothmes III. went no farther this year than Mageddo, and if the lists of his conquests drawn up for him bear the names of Qodshou, Ashtaroth, Damascus, and some towns of the Haûran, it is because they would avoid by a voluntary tribute the dangerous presence of the Pharaoh and his plundering troops.

The CHAIRMAN (H. CADMAN JONES, ESQ.).-The meeting will, I am sure, return its cordial thanks to M. Maspero for the second valuable paper he has contributed, and also to Mr. Tomkins for the great service he has rendered us by his excellent translation of it. If there is any one here who can throw further light upon the subject, we shall be most happy to listen.

Rev. HENRY GEORGE TOMKINS:-My own study of the record of the conquests of Thothmes III. has led to many concordant results, of which I need not speak, and also to many differences and additional suggestions, and these I will bring to focal points of interest as briefly as I can.

Our starting-place in Judæa is Iarza (60), which M. Maspero (following Rey and de Rouge) takes as Khůrbet Erzeh, near Askalon, thus from Galilee going straight down to begin anew in the far south. But to me it seems that our Iarza is Khŭrbet Yerzeh (as proposed in 1870 by Professor Brandes), a place on the way from the central scene of the campaign of Megiddo towards Joppa; while the next name, Makhsa (61), is (as Conder suggests) Khurbet el Maghazŭn, on the way to Joppa, which immediately follows (62). Thus, without any dislocation, our list goes right down in the route which Professor Maspero has marked out as the line of march.

My next great point is No. 77, Har (the mountain), which I take as Har Ephraim, "Mount Ephraim," and, accordingly, I see in the district of Taï (74) Jebel et Teyi, and in the name Nûn (75) the ancestral, and perhaps tribal, name which Joshua bore as ben-Nûn, and which haunts the neighbourhood where he is said to have been buried, north and west of the Jebel et Teyi. The family had,