Why mourns the Muse with tearful eyes, While pondering o'er the roll of death? Afresh her keenest sorrows rise,

With Emerson's departed breath! Ah! Heaven again demands its own, Another fatal shaft is sped, And genius, friendship, learning, mourn Their Buckminster among the dead! To Eliot's tomb, ye Muses, bring

Fresh roses from the breathing wild, Wet with the tears of dewy Spring,

For he was virtue's gentlest child! Ye sainted spirits of the just,

Departed friends, we raise our eyes, From humbler scenes of mould'ring dust, To brighter mansions in the skies.Where faith and hope, their trials past, Shall smile in endless joy secure, And charity's blest reign shall last, While Heaven's eternal courts endure.

ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER.

THIS head of a family eminent for its theological services in the professor's chair and the pulpit, was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, April 17, 1772. His grandfather, an emigrant from Ireland of the Scottish race, was one of the first settlers in that region, about the year 1738-a man of courage and mental activity, who raised a company of men for military duty on the Kenhawa, and gave lessons to the young of his neighborhood at home. His son William was a trader and farmer. The early years of Archibald Alexander were passed in country associations with such education as the time and place offered as an instance of which, we may note that the future eminent divine was taught by a convict from London, who had been bought by his father at Baltimore, and turned to account in this way, as he had some Latin and Greek education, in a log school-house set up for that purpose. The name of this youth was Reardon. He enlisted in the war, and was cut down in a skirmish in North Carolina by Tarleton's men, and left for dead upon the field. He survived, however, to get back to his schoolkeeping.

The instructions of the Rev. William Graham and of his assistant, James Priestly, in the school near Lexington-names to be held in respect in the early annals of American education-shaped the studies of Alexander. He had hardly, at the age of seventeen, completed them, when his father procured him an engagement as a tutor in the family of General John Posey, of the Wilderness, a hundred and forty miles from his home, across the Blue Ridge in Spotsylvania county, where he passed a year instructing the sons and a daughter in Latin, and educating himself. On his return home, he was influenced by the religious movements then taking place in the country, to think seriously of divinity-a study which he prosecuted with his preceptor Graham, reading the works of Edwards and Owen. He was licensed in 1791 at Winchester, after which he made a missionary tour through the southern counties of the state; his memoranda of which, published in his life by his son, are interesting contributions to the history of the times. In one of his journeys in 1794, he heard Patrick Henry on a jury murder case, and his testimony of his eloquence is an addition to

the many warm and seemingly extravagant enlologies collected by Wirt. In 1797, Alexander was called to the presidency of Hampden Sidney College, an institution established as a Presbyterian theological seminary, which had received its charter as a college in 1783. Samuel Stanhope Smith was its first president. Alexander occupied this office till 1801, when he visited New York and New England. His reminiscences of the journey and of the chief clergymen of the day possess distinctness and spirit. He was at Dartmouth College when Daniel Webster pronounced his Commencement speech. On his arrival at Boston, the geographer Morse was mystified by his introduction as president of "Camden" Sidney College. He had never heard of the institution, and when the error was corrected it was hardly more complimentary, for Morse had given a melancholy account in his book of the veritable Hampden Sidney itself. Alexander met on this tour such celebrities as Samuel Hopkins, Emmons, President Wheelock, and the magnates of Harvardand Princeton, under the presidencies of Willard and Smith. On his return to Virginia in 1802, he married Janetta Waddell, the daughter of the eloquent blind preacher, celebrated by Wirt in the British Spy-a lady whose affections he had engaged on a casual visit to her father in Louisa county, on his horseback_journey from the college the previous year. This union, a very happy one, lasted during his life, his widow surviving him a short time. In 1807, he took charge of a congregation in Philadelphia, where he remained till the organization of the Theological Seminary at Princeton by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church in 1812, when he became its first professor, with charge of the various branches of theological education, a range of duty which finally settled down, as the demands and resources of the institution increased, and he was relieved by the labors of others into a distinct professorship of pastoral and polemic theology. He was at this time forty years old, and held this position till his death, almost as long a period after, in his seventy-ninth year-an event which occurred at Princeton, October 22, 1851.

The reputation of Dr. Alexander for learning and authorship dates from his residence at Princeton. He was a thorough and accomplished student, a critic and interpreter of the Greek and Hebrew scriptures; in the latter of which he was one of the earliest American proficients. Through his later years he would read a chapter of the Old Testament daily in the original, for which he had a reverential regard, and could be heard at times chanting to himself portions of the Hebrew psalter. He held the German and Dutch Protestant divines of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in great estimation; and brought a large collection of them together to the library of the seminary.

Ile did not begin to publish, if we except sevcral occasional sermons, till his fifty-second year, when his Brief Outline of the Eidences of the Christian Religion appeared, a work which is held in regard as a text-book in both England and America. His contributions to the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review were thereafter frequent in articles in which he guarded and defined the principles of morals and theology. His

Aslexander

Introductory Lectures on the opening of the terms of study, seventeen in number, which are still in manuscript, embrace many points of practical and speculative divinity-what may be called the moral philosophy of Divinity. One of these discourses had for its subject, The Use and Abuse of Books. In 1846, he published in a large octavo volume, a History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa. His History of the Israelitish Nation, from their origin to their dispersion at the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, appeared in Philadelphia in 1852. He also wrote many tracts and several biographical abridgments for the Presbyterian Board of Publication and the American Tract Society.

As a preacher, Dr. Alexander was greatly admired. His discourses were "experimental, casuistical, practical, consolatory," and are noticed as having but little of the mannerisms and phrases of any particular school. His conversational powers were very happy, and were freely exercised among his family and friends. His habits as a student kept him much among his books, so that for a great portion of his life his only exercise was in passing the few steps from his library to his lecture-room. He would get relief from one grave study in another as grave of a different turn. His personal appearance, in a piercing eye, a high forehead and delicate features, with a transparent complexion, was expressive of the refined and penetrating mind within.

Of the sons of Dr. Alexander, his biographer, Dr. James W. Alexander, the pastor of the Presbyterian Church on the Fifth Avenue, is the author of several works of value and interest. One of the earliest of these is a collection of essays, entitled the American Mechanic and Workingman, of a practical ingenious turn, in which, with good humor and good sense, the moral and intellectual capabilities of the calling are insisted upon and enlarged. He has published also a volume of sermons, entitled

Consolation; in Discourses on Select Topics, addressed to the suffering people of God; Thoughts on Family Worship, and Plain Words to a Young Communicant. His love of literature, and activity as a thinker and student, have been shown in numerous contributions to the Biblical Repertory, in various brief essays which have appeared in the Newark Daily Advertiser and The Literary World, under the title of Casariensis. As a scholar, he is one of the most exact and finished men of the day.

The "Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review,"such being its final title, is the oldest of existing American theological quarterlies, having now reached its thirty-first volume. It was begun by Professor Hodge in 1825, and has, with small intervals, remained under his able hand till the present time. It has been regarded as the accredited organ of the Westminster Calvinists and Presbyterians, and has exercised a formidable influence; but its tone in regard to Slavery has made it especially unsavory to the abolitionists. In the "British Foreign Theological Review," of Edinburgh, for 1851-2, more than a dozen of the articles republished are from the Princeton Review. For many years together it was the vehicle for the most elaborate dissertations of Miller, Breckenridge, Dod, Hodge, the Alexanders, and other well known Presbyterians.

The Rev. Albert B. Dod, D.D., was one of the most brilliant writers for this work, though he did not live to accomplish that authorship for which he was so well prepared. He was for some years professor of Mathematics in Princeton College, where he shared the intimacy and the fame of such men as Henry, now of the Smithsonian Institution, and Torrey, the great botanist of America. Dod was a man of letters as well as science, a keen metaphysician, pious divine, an eloquent preacher, a captivating converser, and a writer of equal argumentative and sarcastic power. He died unexpectedly in the spring-tide of a great reputation, in the year 1846. Some of Dr. Dod's admirable productions have been collected in a volume entitled "Princeton Essays."

Professor Joseph A. Alexander, of the Theological Seminary at Princeton, is the author of a valuable Commentary on the Psalms, following the expositionof Hengstenberg; a Critical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah; and an abridgment of the same, with a volume on Primitive Church Government.

NATURAL SCENERY SEEN BY THE YOUTH AND THE MAN.

Whether the scenery with which our senses are conversant in early life has any considerable effect on the character of the mind, is a question not easily determined. It would be easy to theorize on the subject; and formerly I indulged in many lucubra tions, which at the time seemed plausible, all tend ing to the conclusion that minds developed under the constant view and impression of grand or picturesque scenery must in vigour and fertility of imagination be greatly superior to those who spend their youth in dark alleys, or in the crowded streets of a large city, where the only objects which constantly meet the senses are stone and brick walls, and dirty and offensive gutters. The child of the mountains,

The Psalms. Translated and Explained by J. A. Alexander, DD. 8 vols. Scribner, 1850-54.

who cannot open his eyes without seeing sublime peaks, penetrating beyond the clouds, stupendous rocks, and deep and dark caverns, enclosed by frightful precipices, thought I, must possess a vivid impression of the scenes of nature, by which he will be distinguished from those born and brought up in the city, or in the dull, monotonous plain, where there is neither grandeur nor variety. Perhaps there might be a little vanity mingled with these speculations, as it was my lot to draw the first breath of life at the foot of a lofty mountain, and on the bank of a roaring mountain torrent; where the startling reveille was often the hideous howling of hungry wolves. But when I attempted to recollect whether I had, in the days of childhood, ever experienced any sensible impression from the grandeur of surrounding objects, or had ever been led to contemplate these objects of nature with any strong emotion, I could not satisfy myself that any thing of this sort had ever occurred. The only reminiscence was of impressions made by the novelty of some object, not before seen; or some fancied resemblance to something with which I was familiar. Two mountains, somewhat remarkable, were frequently surveyed by me with delight; the House Mountain, and the Jump Mountain; both appertaining to a ridge, called in the valley the North Mountain. The first of these is a beautiful mountain which stands out at some distance from the main ridge, and from the middle of the valley exhibits something of the shape and appearance of a house. From Lexington and its vicinity, the view of this mountain is pleasant and imposing. The idea of its resemblance to a house took strong hold of my imagination; and especially because at the western end there was the resemblance of a shed, which corresponded with such an appendage to the house in which my childhood was spent. And now, when I revisit the place of my nativity, whilst almost every thing else is changed, the House Mountain remains the same, and I gaze upon it with that peculiar emotion which attends the calling up in a lively manner the thoughts and impressions of infancy. The idea of a perfect resemblance to a house was so deeply imprinted on my mind, in relation to this mountain, that I was greatly discomposed and disturbed in my thoughts, when a boy, by having occasion to travel a few miles towards the east end of the mountain, and finding that every resemblance of a house was gone; and when instead of one beautiful, uniform mountain, as smooth and steep as the roof of a house, I now beheld two rough-looking spurs, separated at a considerable distance from each other. This obliteration of a pleasing idea from the mind was painful; and whenever I was in a situation to see the mountain under this aspect, the unpleasant impres sion was renewed. Every traveller among mountains must have noticed how remarkably they vary their appearances, as he changes his position; and not only so, but from the same site a prominent mountain exhibits a wonderful variety of aspects according to the state of the atmosphere. This I believe is what is called looming, and was much noticed by Mr. Jefferson from Monticello, particularly in relation to that remarkable isolated mountain, called Willis's, which elevates its head to a considerable height, at a great distance from any other mountain or hill.

But to return to my favourite, the House Mountain. In the days of my childhood-and perhaps it is still the case-this mountain was commonly burnt over every year; that is, the dry leaves on the ground were burnt. When the fire extended in a long crooked string along the side of the mountain, and especially when near the top, the appearance was grand and beautiful in a very dark night. It

had all the appearance of a zigzag fire in the sky; and whenever it occurred, greatly attracted and delighted the boys. It was in those days held as a maxim among boys, that no one ever had ascended, or could ascend to the ridge or summit of the House Mountain; but since that time I understand that not only men, but women, have been successful in reaching the top; and have thence surveyed the varied and delightful landscape of the valley, with its villages, and its farms, its rivers and smaller streams. I can scarcely conceive of a pleasanter prospect than that which might be enjoyed from the summit of the House Mountain.

As to the Jump Mountain, it was only occasionally that I got a view of it; and although the descent is very abrupt on the north side, so that the top of the mountain actually seems to project, my mind would have received a slighter impression from it, had not the first view of it been associated with a story told me by an older boy, that the reason why it was called the Jump Mountain, was because, at a certain time, a man had actually jumped off the top of the mountain, and fallen dead at its foot. This made a deep impression on my mind, and although I have seen the mountain hundreds of times since, I believe I never saw it without thinking of the man who took such an awful leap. When that species of taste is developed which delights in landscapes, I have not been able, with any precision, to ascertain. As far as my own experience goes, or rather as far as memory furnishes me with facts, I think that while a boy at school, I had no consciousness of the exercise of any such faculty. The love of novelty is almost coeval with our existence; but the love of the beauties of nature is slow in its development, and when there is no culture, it is often scarcely observable in mature age. Some men cast their eye over a lovely landscape with as little emotion as is experienced by the horses on which they ride. The only thought perhaps is, how rich the land? how many barrels of corn, or hogsheads of tobacco, or bushels of wheat, might be raised here to the acre? And even the horse will experience an emotion as elevated as his rider's, if there should happen to be a good clover field in sight. As it relates to objects of sublimity, I have found it, except in a few cases, difficult to distinguish this emotion from mere wonder, or admiration. But in this same valley, and not very remote from the objects of which I have spoken, there is one which, I think, produces the feeling which is denominated the sublime, more definitely and sensibly than any that I have ever seen. I refer to the Natural Bridge, from which the county takes its name. It is not my object to describe this extraordinary lusus naturæ, as it may be called. In fact, no representation which can be given by the pen or percil can convey any adequate idea of the object, or one that will have the least tendency to produce the emotion excited by a view of the object itself. There are some things, then, which the traveller, however eloquent, cannot communicate to his readers. All I intend is, to mention the effect produced by a sight of the Natural Bridge on my own mind. When a boy of fourteen or fifteen, I first visited this curiosity. Having stood on the top, and looked down into the deep chasm above and below the bridge, without any new or very strong emotions, as the scene bore a resemblance to many which are common to that country, I descended by the usual circuitous path to the bottom, and came upon the stream or brook some distance below the bridge. The first view which I obtained of the beautiful and elevated blue limestone arch, springing up to the clouds, produced an emotion entirely new; the feeling was as though something within sprung up to a great height by a kindof sudden

impulse. That was the animal sensation which accompanied the genuine emotion of the sublime. Many years afterwards, I again visited the bridge. I entertained the belief, that I had preserved in my mind, all along, the idea of the object; and that now I should see it without emotion. But the fact was not so. The view, at this time, produced a revival of the original emotion, with the conscious feeling that the idea of the object had faded away, and become both obscure and diminutive, but was now restored, in an instant, to its original vividness and magnitude. The emotion produced by any object of true sublimity, as it is very vivid, so it is very short in its continuance. It seems, then, that novelty must be added to other qualities in the object, to produce this emotion distinctly. A person living near the bridge, who should see it every day, might be pleased with the object, but would experience, after awhile, nothing of the vivid emotion of the sublime. Thus, I think, it must be accounted for, that the starry heavens, or the sun shining in his strength, are viewed with little emotion of this kind, although much the sublimest objects in our view; we have been accustomed to view them daily, from our infancy. But a bright-coloured rainbow, spanning a large arch in the heavens, strikes all classes of persons with a mingled emotion of the sublime and beautiful; to which a sufficient degree of novelty is adde 1, to render the impression vivid, as often as it occurs. I have reflected on the reason why the Natural Bridge produces the emotion of the sublime, so well defined and so vivid; but I have arrived at nothing satisfactory. It must be resolved into an ultimate law of our nature, that a novel object of that elevation and form will produce such an effect. Any attempt at analysing objects of beauty and sublimity only tends to produce confusion in our ideas. To artists, such analysis may be useful; not to increase the emotion, but to enable them to imitate more effectually the objects of nature by which it is produced. Although I have conversed with many thousands who had seen the Natural Bridge; and although the liveliness of the emotion is very different in different persons; yet I never saw one, of any class, who did not view the object with considerable emotion. And none have ever expressed disappointment from having had their expectations raised too high, by the description previously received. Indeed, no previous description communicates any just conception of the object as it appears; and the attempts to represent it by the pencil, as far as I have seen them, are pitiful. Painters would show their wisdom by omitting to represent some of the objects of nature, such as a volcano in actual ebullition, the sea in a storm, the conflagration of a great city, or the scene of a battle-field. The imitation must be so faint and feeble, that the attempt, however skilfully executed, is apt to produce disgust, instead of admiration."

WILLIAM WIRT.

WILLIAM WIRT, the eloquent lawyer and amiable biographer of Patrick Henry, was born at Bladensburg in Maryland, November 8, 1772, in the first descent from a European parentage-his father being a native of Switzerland and his mother of Germany. His father was an innkeeper of the place. He died shortly after his son's birth, and the mother did not long survive. At eight years of age, William was an orphan under the care of his uncle. His education was well provided for at the school of James Hunt, in Montgomery county, a Presbyterian clergyman, in whose house his pupil resided, and where a well

stored library was kindly seconded in its influences by the frank manners and instructions of its owner. To this library Wirt owed the germ of that love of reading which bore luxuriant fruit in his later writings. Josephus, Guy of Warwick, Peregrine Pickle, Pope, and Horne's Elements of Criticism, were the mixed company of these early literary acquaintances. When he became an adept in the rigorous studies of the law, Wirt looked back with dismay upon this miscellaneous reading as injurious to the training of his faculties; though, as his biographer Kennedy wisely sug gests, probably without cause. If genius is sometimes oppressed by the abundance of material, it may be as often at a loss for its own proper nutriment, which a wider field would have afforded. At fifteen, Wirt had qualified himself to become a private tutor in the family of his schoolmate, Ninian Edwards, who, on his return home, had sounded the praises of his companion to his father. This gentleman, Benjamin Edwards, was a man of character, education, and political position, whose society and personal encouragement led his young friend onward in his course to the bar, which he finally reached-after preliminary studies with two practitioners, one of whom was the son of his old teacher Hunt-in 1792, his twentieth year. The library with which he commenced practice consisted of "a copy of Blackstone, two volumes of Don Quixote, and a volume of Tristram Shandy." Three years after, he married the daughter of a gentleman of distinction in Albemarle, Virginia-Doctor George Gilmer, a physician, residing at Pen Park, near Charlottesville, at whose well furnished house, rich in books and society, Wirt, again fortunate in home associations, took up his residence. His happy career at this place, in which he participated freely in the hearty life of old Virginia, was terminated by the death of his wife in 1799, when he removed to Richmond. He entered upon public life as Clerk to the House of Delegates, and passed rapidly through various stages of legal success, discharging for a while the duties of Chancellor of the eastern shore of Virginia, and after his second marriage, in 1802, with the daughter of Colonel Robert Gamble, practising law during a residence at Norfolk, and subsequently establishing himself in Richmond, till in 1817, in the Presidency of Monroe, he became Attorney-General of the United States, an office which he filled for twelve years. His practice in the Supreme Court gained him great reputation, where he frequently met his legal antagonist Pinkney. His speech in the prosecution of Burr at Richmond, in 1807, in which he sketched in glowing colors the home of Blennerhasset on the Ohio, will always be associated with that beautiful locality. It has been a popular recitation with schoolboys as one of the "beauties" of American eloquence.

On his retirement from the Attorney-Generalship in 1829, Wirt left Washington and took up his permanent residence at Baltimore, where he became actively engaged for the few remaining years of his life in the practice of the law.

Wirt died at Washington, whither he had gone in attendance on the Supreme Court, of an attack of erysipelas, February 18, 1834. His health, which had been for some time enfeebled, suddenly gave way. It is cheerful to see, in his corres

pondence, how his constitutional vivacity and hearty sensibility kept him company to the last. The acuteness of mind and feeling which gave poignancy to his sufferings in the loss of his family-son and two daughters-and the decline of health, enabled him also at times to rise superior to these woes, and from the moments of happiness to extract a keener and purer enjoyment than is known to those who get through life with fewer pains and duller pleasures. The southern temperament lives in Wirt's writings; luxuriant, prodigal, self-reproachful for its uncertain pursuit of advantages, imperfect because its own standard is high-but colored with a warm flush of feeling.

Of these literary productions, the earliest was his Letters of the British Spy, published in the autumn of 1803 in the Argus, a daily newspaper, at Richmond. They were ten in number, written under the mask of papers left by a travelling member of the British Parliament in the bedchamber of his inn, at a seaport town of Virginia, and their purpose was simply literary recreation. There are some local descriptions and some scientific speculation in the manner of Jefferson's Notes on Virginia, but the papers are mainly occupied with the writer's studies of eloquence and observation of the leading public speakers of the country. The sketch of the sermon in the woods by the blind preacher, James Waddell, has entered into the common currency of American literature. The book was very successful on its publication, deriving its interest from its notices of individuals in a classical form. It passed through a number of editions.*

The tenth was published by Harper & Brothers in 1848, with a Biographical Sketch of the Author, by his friend Peter Hoffman Cruse, of Baltimore. An English copy before us, published in London in 1812, has a preface which shows the general estimation in which American literature was held at that recent period, in the Great Metropolis. It says: "The people of the United States of America have so very small a claim on the world for any particular mark of distinction for honours gained in the field of literature, that it is feared the

In 1804, Wirt further gave vent to his literary inclinations by the publication of some essays in the Richmond Enquirer, with the title of The Rainbow, which were afterwards collected into a volume. His Old Bachelor, commenced in 1810, was an undertaking of a similar character, a series of essays on the model of the Spectator, which ran through thirty-three numbers of the same journal. The friends who contributed to this joint affair, which sustained something of a dra; matic character, were Dabney Carr, whose letter from Squaretoes was much admired in the Virginia circle; Dr. Frank Carr, the Galen; Richard E. Parker, the Alfred; Dr. Girardin, the Melmoth, of the plan, with other contributions by Judge Tucker, David Watson, and Mr. George Tucker. The papers were published in two volumes in 1812, and were favorably received, reaching a third edition in 1818. In the scarcity of American productions at that day, a work of this character was set in bolder relief than it would be at present.

The topics discussed are the old grievances of the contemptuous reports of English travellers in the country, and the unjust criticism thereupon in the foreign reviews; female character and education, with pleasant glimpses of the old Bachelor's niece, Rosalie; sketches of the manners and thoughts of Virginia, and, above all, a discussion of the fine arts, their means of development and influences, particularly in relation to oratoryalways a favorite topic with Wirt-of the bar, the senate, or the pulpit.

The Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry, the most important in its subject and interest of Wirt's literary productions, had been commenced in 1804, under the stimulus of the praise awarded to the author's personal sketches in the British Spy. The difficulties of the undertaking, in the first place, to get the material, and in the next to master it in a sober, historical style, are pleasantly recounted by him in a letter to Judge Carr in 1815, when the work was nearly completed.* From hearing so much of the speeches of Henry, and finding so few of them recorded, he thought at one time of writing them out from invention, in the style of Botta and the ancient historians. As it was, his work did not pass without a jest from his friend Jefferson, who contributed to it.

The life of Henry appeared at last in 1817. It took at once its position as one of the most animated biographical works in our history, though the warmth of its coloring has been objected to, not without some reason, by the critics. The sober narrative of the historian sometimes breaks into the canter of the jury-addressing lawyer or the stump-speaking politician. There is an appearance of eking out the somewhat scanty material by rhetorical effect. It is not

present demand on the English reader may be considered more as a call on British courtesy and benevolence than one of right and equity. In whatever point of view this may appear, the Reader may rely, that the publishers have been induced, from a conviction of the merit of the work, to furnish an impression of the British Spy. They have been enabled to do this by the recent arrival of a gentleman from Baltimore, who brought with him a copy of the work, with the assurance, that no original American literary production had ever obtained so rapid and extensive a circulation; it having, in a very short space of time, passed through four editions."

Memoir by Kennedy, 1. 887-90.