should be made of the Y. M. C. A. (Protestant), Knights of Columbus (Catholic), American Library Association, Playground and Recreation Association of America, Traveler's Aid Society, American Social Hygiene Association, National Committee on Army and Navy Camp Music, Young Women's Christian Association, Committee on Protective Work for Girls, Committee of Fourteen of New York, Committee of Fifteen of Chicago, Watch and Ward Society of New England, and the Bureau of Social Hygiene of New York. The last five are especially concerned with control of alcohol and prostitution.

The Secretary of the Navy has appointed a Navy Department Commission on Training Camp Activities. The navy problems are similar in general to those of the army; but, of course, there are fewer men, much time on shipboard and other points of difference. A special pamphlet will be published by the Navy Commission.

In addition to lectures, charts, and lantern-slides shown by automatic stereopticon (stereomotorgraph), immense quantities of printed matter are being put into the hands of the soldiers in cantonments and on the transports leaving for France. Especially notable is a new pamphlet, "The Honor Legion" written for Catholic soldiers, (thirty-five per cent of the new army) approved by some of the highest authorities of the Catholic church in the United States and published by a Catholic society in cooperation with the New York Social Hygiene society. There were several earlier pamphlets, on social hygiene written by eminent Catholic laymen,

but for the first time there exists an official pamphlet which indicates that the Catholic church stands for all the essentials of the sex-education and social hygiene movement which the late DR. PRINCE A. MORROW organized in 1905. While this pamphlet was written for war conditions, and is essentially a moral appeal to soldiers, it will probably be of great importance in paving the way for harmonious and concerted emphasis by all church denominations on sex-education for young people. It now appears that high officials in all the important denominations are in favor of sexeducation.

With regard to the sanitary attack on the social hygiene problem of military life, the medical officers who are charged with guarding the health of the men of the army are forced to recognize the existence of venereal disease in a certain percentage of the new men who enlist or are drafted, and must provide for diagnosis and adequate treatment of all such cases. Moreover, military surgeons must face the plain fact that while the Commission on Training Camp Activities will by moral teaching and by normal recreation reduce the number of men who succumb to temptation and therefore the number of exposures to venereal diseases, nevertheless it is certain that the medical staffs must be prepared to deal with many individuals who become infected or are exposed to infection after entrance to the army.

The United States Government, particularly the Council of National Defense, has been alarmed by the venereal experience of the European armies, in which an appalling number

of soldiers have been disabled either temporarily or permanently by venereal diseases and are spreading infection in the general population of all the countries involved. To guard against such awful results in the United States there has been prepared by medical officers a complete plan for fighting the greatest of all disease scourges of war. DR. W. F. SNOW, General Secretary of the American Social Hygiene Association, has been detailed for service in Washington as Secretary of the General Medical Board of the Council of National Defense and Chairman of the Committee on Venereal Diseases. The Medical Board has appointed a SubCommittee for Civilian Cooperation in Combating Venereal Diseases, which sub-committee is especially charged with control of vice conditions by the cooperation of civil authorities in the vicinity of army camps. A section of the law for the new army establishes around each camp a military zone from which prostitutes and alcoholic liquors are excluded. It is especially significant that the Medical Board has emphasized the fact that alcoholic beverages increase prostitution and, in turn, venereal diseases. Still more important is the official resolution of the Board that "sexual continence is compatible with health and that it is the best preventive of venereal infections." This statement, backed by many eminent medical authorities, is being broadcasted among the soldiers by means of lectures and printed matter.

In spite of all warnings and ethical appeals, it is inevitable that a certain number of soldiers will take chances and expose themselves to venereal

infection. Some moralists would leave such individuals to develop disease as "a just retribution for their sins." The army medical staff is unable to overlook the seriousness of such disease from the standpoint of the soldier's country, his present or future family, and society in general. and, therefore, the soldier who falls into temptation will be expected to present himself for medical treatment that tends to check developing disease germs. Perhaps this may seem to make immorality safe for the individual soldier, but the important point is that his present or future family and society are protected. We may doubt whether such modern prophylaxis will decrease the genuine morality of men with moral ideals.

At any rate the United States can not now stop to worry about the ethics of venereal prophylaxis and run the risk of repeating the experience of one European country which in three years has had a more than three hundred per cent increase of syphilis and gonorrhea in the civilian population, especially in women.

In the social hygiene campaign directly affecting the men of the army there is much work for persons and organizations independent of the military system. The suppression of prostitution and use of alcohol outside of the military zones and in towns where soldiers in training spend their leisure time is beyond the control of the military authorities. In most cases there is need of stimulation of local public officials by private citizens. Still another important work for civilians, especially leading women, is an educational and supervising campaign against the bevies of silly girls

who in the presence of any kind of a uniform forget their womanly dignity and actually take the initiative in flirtation which may lead on to danger. Such conduct, to say the least, increases the temptations of the young soldier and reduces his respect for women, which should be his most powerful guide. Certainly the young soldiers, like all normal young men, should be associated with helpful young women as much as possible; but sensible and mature women should arrange and supervise social opportunities under conditions devoid of the dangers of random and clandestine flirtations. The Young Women's

Christian Association is especially interested in this line of work.

Such, in outline, is some of the largest work of sex-education and social hygiene in these days of war. As suggested before, we are dealing with the very old problems of sex. Wartime has simply brought them again to our attention. Perhaps the present situation will make many thinking but hitherto complacent men and women realize for the first time that the young people of each generation must be specially educated for understanding the life-perpetuating instinct which uncontrolled drags humanity downward.

SUR

URPRISING, indeed, it would be if our public schools as one of our fundamental agencies for the maintenance and the upbuilding of our national life, did not reflect in their activities, and in their ideals, some effects of our participation in the present titanic world war waged against the truculence and the treachery of a nation obsessed with a desire for world domination. The national flag rippling in the gleams of the morning light as it flies above our schools is not only a profession of faith, but also a challenge to our foes, and the messages of our eloquent President found on the walls of every classroom,

are a clarion call to service in defense of democracy.

In many vital and concrete ways our daily school work reflects the changed conditions. Whether we regard the matter from the standpoint of physical training, discipline, curriculum, or an enriched concept of patriotism, we can clearly perceive impulses and influences that are newly born as a result of our participation in the present struggle.

The recognized need of a more vigorous type of childhood free from the defects often developed by excessive confinement at the school desk, is evidenced by recent legislation.

Such laws as those recently enacted in New York State intended to insure daily physical training periods under proper physical conditions and competent supervision are real preparedness measures intended to give flesh and blood to that maxim of education so commonly accepted and so generally ignored, that our children should have "a sound mind in a sound body."

Moreover, as a substitute for a rather low standard of behavior, in which license was rapidly becoming a substitute for well regulated liberty, there has been a marked tendency to take up the existing slack in our policy of discipline, to make the pupils stand at attention morally and physically, and to exact a degree of self-restraint and ready obedience that is in harmony with the spirit of cooperation and sacrifice that the national crisis demands.

The curriculum of today has a richer content than it had before the war. In many vital, concrete ways, our daily work has been modified and supplemented. Activities hitherto regarded as fads or frills have stepped to the fore-as basic activities incident to the conservation of natural resources and increased production. The three R's are still as important as ever, but activities close to life such as sewing, cooking, manual training, gardening, and various types of more intensive shop experiences that are definitely vocational or prevocational in character, have been introduced in response to a larger idea of their pedagogical value, and their worth in promoting national wealth.

The new values found in the textbook study of such subjects as history, civics, and geography, call for no

extended comment. Even to the average pupil, history now stands revealed as a dramatic struggle of conflicting ideals, the responsibility for the right development of which rests upon the soul of every boy, of every girl, and every teacher. Civics has been transformed from dry-asdust study of the structure of government into an active, earnest, hearty cooperation with city, state, and national authorities. "Do your bit" is not only a soul stirring reminder, but a gospel of perfection.

The extra moral activities of our pupils have been profoundly suggestive as an index of the increased vision of our teachers, and the intensel eagerness of our children to display their loyalty and devotion. Much would have to be written to give in detail either the type or the value of the activities carried on in connection with the work of the Red Cross Organization, or the sale of Liberty Bonds. Such service is unique in the history of our schools. The whole souled self-sacrificing way in which our girls are systematically devoting their time, their money, their energy to making vast quantities of the various products recommended by the Red Cross Authorities, is a splendid revelation of personal power blossoming forth into garlands of golden deeds. Their lusty brothers have done equally well. The youngsters who relentlessly pursued the vacillating patriot, and presented arguments to the effect that one $50 Liberty Bond would buy either,

Enough food to keep a soldier 150 days, or,

Fifteen litters on which the wounded can be carried from the battlefield, or

or,

Serum and vaccine sufficient to render hundreds of soldiers immune from the ravages of tetanus and smallpox were the best type of bond salesmen Uncle Sam ever had.

But such cooperation does not imply that the welfare of childhood has been sacrificed in the interests of production, or the sale of bonds.

Altho shortly after our entrance into the war, it appeared that the safeguards thrown around our children through the enactment of Compulsory Education and Child Labor Laws, were in serious jeopardy, it is safe to state that this danger point has now been passed. Simultaneous with the drafting of millions of men, there was a plea for the lowering of the bars which these laws provide, but sober analysis of the experience of France and England soon led to the conclusion that the best interests of the country were conserved not by shortening but by lengthening the period of education and at the same time giving to the work in the upper grades of even the elementary schools a prevocational or pre-employment character, thus making it directive towards professional, commercial, or industrial life.

But greater than all these changes, has been the growth of solidarity in our city life, and the new birth of patriotism. New York with its vast horde of citizens of either foreign birth or foreign parentage, has suddenly realized that the Americanization of these people is a paramount duty. In cooperation with the Mayor's with the Mayor's Committee, the Board of Education has organized thruout the city, classes

in such matters as language and

citizenship. Such

citizenship. Such civic plans together with the efforts of the people themselves inspired by an increased appreciation of their obligations to their adopted country, bave resulted and will continue to result, in an amalgamation that long years of peace have failed to effect.

Moreover, our pupils and their par ents bave been reborn to a new ideal of sacrifice and devotion. But only to the degree that we ourselves as teachers appreciate the meaning of this world's struggle, and the nobility of our defenders in the shrapnel-swept trenches, or on the thundering battleships, will we by our presence in the schools, inspire our pupils with high conceptions of unswerving loyalty.

The classroom situation in which the immature, untrained mind of the child receives indelible impressions, calls for very definite limitations on the right of any teacher to give expression to personal views critical of the country's organization or policies. Indeed, it ought not be necessary to argue that it is the teacher's fundamental duty, ethical as well as contractual, in times of war to speak and conduct himself so as to convey to the pupils under his instruction a positive impression of aggressive, devoted loyalty to the government.

Do we really appreciate the terrible struggle which confronts us? Do we really understand the deep significance of the khaki-clad boys who meet us at the station, who travel on the trains with us, who pass us by in such numbers on the city's streets, whose bugle calls reach us in faint echoes from the neighboring camps? With responsive