Korean rule in Korea. This law is very definite in its application. We see it in America where the big cattle ranges of the stockman give way to the intensive work of the small farmer. In England, although there seems to have been a stay of execution, probably for the sake of pushing landless younger sons overseas, this law is rapidly coming into effect, and English lands, like all other lands, will have to pass into the hands of those who make the best use of them; not playgrounds or "show places," but best use for humanity. Perhaps you have seen enough of my little theatre for the time being. Let us ring down the curtain.

Mr. Israel Zangwill has written a wonderful play, The Melting Pot. I do not know if it has appeared here. I saw it in New York, where the scene of the play is laid and confined. As may be inferred, the author's story is that of a Jewish refugee, his trials and tribulations, his meeting with a Russian persecutor, and the final softening of the bitterness engendered in the breasts of Russian and Jew because of their previous relations with each other in Europe.

It is a "talking" play, with many long speeches, but is full of happy references to the humanising influences of American freedom upon the passion-tossed peoples of Europe who find peace and a refuge in a new world.

The Melting Pot is, of course, America itself, into which are poured the diverse components of all sorts of jarring and conflicting varieties of humanity, there to be fused into an agreeable, peaceful, useful, and most energetic creature, to wit, the American citizen. A most interesting and delightful work for the god of America to superintend, is it not?

An American writer in the Seattle Post Intelligencer has expressed very finely an extension of this thought. Speaking of the "Westernism of the State of Washington, he says, "Washington's Westernism is truly Americanism. It is the composite spirit of natives of all the States of the Union, who here, and by attrition with each other, have rid themselves of their original local peculiarities, prejudices, and provincialisms, until a close approach to a common standard has been reached, and that standard is the American one."

But what has the god of the British been doing this past thousand years? Hasn't he been running a "Melting Pot" of his own ever since, and even before, he pushed William the Conqueror on to Britain's chessboard? What are the British if not a molten and more or less refined composite of Saxons, Danes, Celts, Picts, Scots, Norwegians, Swedes, French, modern Germans, and, most useful ingredient of all, Jews?

And don't let the modern Englishman "fancy himself" and think he is better than a Frenchman, a German, a Jew, or anyone else. He is what he is because of the mixture of splendid and varied strains that go to make him what he is. Moreover, let him not imagine that all these varied peoples came into England because they wanted to be "English." They were either pushed by force of political or economical conditions in the lands from whence they emigrated-as, for instance, the French Huguenots, Flemish emigrés, and Jews, &c., &c.; or they sought a pleasanter habitat for the exercise of their familiar range of activities-as, for instance, the Danes, Normans, Scots, &c., &c.

But the "country conquered the invaders," the "Melting Pot" fused them, and to paraphrase the fine words of my unknown Seattle friend, "Briticism" is the composite spirit of natives of all parts of Europe who here, and by attrition with each other, have rid themselves of their original local peculiarities, prejudices, and nationalisms, until a close approach to a common standard has been reached, and that standard is the British one.

So you see the other nations' gods could not with any decency do anything else than let the gods of Britain and America have things pretty much their own way, because England and America have been, on the whole, more merciful to the flocks of the other gods than their own earthly rulers have been. And the new rule is clearly, "Love your neighbour as yourself."

Carlyle says somewhere "a loving heart is the beginning of knowledge," and it is quite true that this applies to the heart of a nation as truly as to that of an individual. Of course, it is rather hard to define exactly how a nation can be said to have a loving heart, but it is easy enough to see how it can not. Russia makes it extremely disagreeable for Jews to live there. England and America do not. I suppose it would be impossible to estimate the benefits that this one class of immigrants alone has conferred upon England.

In politics, finance, music, art, science, and commerce, the Jew has been simply invaluable. Always sensible, practical, useful, busy, obedient to law, he makes the most excellent of citizens.

He is probably all the better for having been thoroughly thrashed and knocked on the head for his Canaanitish cruelty in days gone by. We don't need any repetition of such episodes as that of the seventy thumbless kings writhing under the dinnertable.

The god of the Jews thoroughly understands the motif of the new dispensation, and has taken off his war-paint years ago;

moreover, he has so influenced the dispositions of his flock that to-day the Jew is quite the "best Samaritan" of any of us.

At all events, whether these remarks be fanciful or not, the fact remains that England and America between them own the wonderful new north-west of maximum possible efficiency.

It is the only unfilled region in the world in which humanity will develop into the same kind of mental, physical, commercial, and governing creature as two thousand years of gradual evolution has produced in North-Western Europe-but with these differences.

The scenery in North-Western America being far grander than it is in North-Western Europe, men will become nobler. The sense of cramp, and the meanness and disgusting selfishness ensuing therefrom so noticeable in Europe, are at present quite absent in North-Western America.

A feeling of ultimate certainty of good is at the root of every financial investment in that region.

I was in Toronto last March, when everyone was bursting with energy, pro and con. (chiefly con.), about the Reciprocity Treaty. They were full of fears about Canadian railways, afraid the east and west channels of trade would run dry. Of course, water has got a trick of running down hill, and treaty or no treaty, human beings of the same temperament and speech are going to follow lines of least resistance, and trade where trade is easiest and most agreeable. So there will be an enormous extension of north and south trade between Canada and America in any event. Humpty Dumpty, with his genial smile of good fellowship, has already climbed down, and all the king's treaties and all the king's men can never put Humpty Dumpty back on that tariff wall again, as he was once.

Policies based upon fear, jealousy, covetousness, hatred, or distrust, or any weakened combination or trituration of such ingredients, are helpless, absolutely powerless, and ephemeral before the tremendous power of policies based upon love or any of its derivatives.

For love really is the greatest power in the world. It is the one thing you cannot "buck against." You cannot withstand it, no matter what may be its manifestations, personal, tribal, national, international, until you arrive at the all-embracing, kindly, sympathetic, tolerant, protecting love of the great gods themselves. And for a very good reason: it is "The Rule," the new rule I told you about on that veil of the Altar. The great gods themselves have to work by it; and by it, and it alone, the destinies of nations are being guided now, as you read. Fortunately, in British Columbia they don't know what fear is. There

they never "view with alarm" or "regret to report"; they just go ahead and work, knowing that in Vancouver, New Westminster, Victoria, and the newer ports further north, they have an anchorage for all the east and west rails you care to string across Canada.

And the same optimistic certainty of the future prevails throughout the States of Oregon and Washington. Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, Bellingham, Aberdeen, and Everett, are all of the same mind as their Canadian brothers.

And so to conclude, for conclude this article I must at some unwilling and quite unfinished point of delectable unfolding; touching, only by reference, the subject of our future relations with our Mongolian friends in China now seething in their "Melting Pot" of re-adjustment, our 400,000,000 Chinese friends now entering upon their second round of civilisation who look to us for guidance and sympathy; glancing for a moment only at the possibilities of our relations with the glorious new civilisation of Japan; the possibilities of Siberian and Manchurian development; the development of Alaska-all of which must be administered from North-Western America; we find ourselves face to face with this great reflection.

That whereas North-Western Europe is what it is only after two thousand years of more or less blind gropings, of ceaseless trial and rejection, of doing things and undoing them, of being pushed hither and yon, taken off the board and put on again like blind pawns in the game of the gods, not realising even that there was a scientific game being played nor that there were any gods to play the game; now, we no longer see these things through a glass darkly, but face to face with the gods themselves.

For this is quite certain, that before we can ever see celestial things clearly, we certainly must see mundane things clearly. And it follows, therefore, that development in North-Western America will be an orderly march of mortals to their appointed places, and not, as was the development of North-Western Europe, "a whirligig of men."

P. H. W. Ross.

VOL. XCI. N.S.

Z

THE INTERNAL SITUATION IN TURKEY AND THE M EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON IT.

If it were possible to judge the political situation in Turkey by by outward appearances it would seem that no important changes had taken place during the last two years. The visitor who arrives in a great town, or travels through little-visited districts h of the Ottoman Empire, must be struck by the calmness and peace which seems to reign everywhere. The tourist or politician can with difficulty believe that those around him are actually cognisant of a state of war. Foreign diplomats and Turkish V officials alike willingly discuss the possibility of the arrival of the Italian Fleet, or of an Italian landing in Turkey, but these ideas do not seem to alarm them, or to cause them any mental uneasiness. When the enemy's fleet was daily reported to be almost within sight of Salonika, and when the Turkish authorities were actually taking the necessary precautions to repel a possible attempt at a landing, the everyday man continued his business as if nothing extraordinary was in progress.

In the few pages which are available for this article, I propose to describe and to discuss some of the aspects of the internal situation in Turkey as I saw it during the final months of last year, and to explain shortly the effect, or want of effect, of the war upon them. Subsequently, by very briefly describing the attitude of the various Balkan States towards Turkey, I shall endeavour to show what may be the possible internal or external results of the avowed Ottoman policy of indefinitely continuing the war.

The position occupied by and the power of the Committee of Union and Progress are questions as all-important to-day as they have been since 1908. From the day of the re-establishment of the Constitution by Abdul Hamid, the Committee and the army have been the controlling factors of Turkish politics. This state of things still continues. In addition to constituting the Committee a political party, which, in view of the approaching elections is a question of no small importance, and to discussing the quarrels between different sections of the Committee, the Salonika Congress, held in September and October last, declared itself in favour of indefinitely continuing the war unless Italy vacated Tripoli, and occupied itself by deciding its policy upon various questions of extreme importance. Whilst the ideas of the Committee are shown to have been modified in some respects