quired a situado of 500,000 pesos (A. von Humboldt, Ensayo Politico sobre la Nueva España, 2d ed., 5 vols., Paris, 1827, IV, 232, 239240).

According to Govantes's hypothesis, if the situado of 250,000 pesos was only the smaller part of the duties collected at Acapulco, the rest being retained in Mexico, then the duties must have been over 200 per cent. when the Manila-Acapulco cargo was limited to 250,000 pesos in value and over 100 per cent. when the value limit of the cargos was raised to 500,000 pesos. But this is contrary to all the evidence. As noted above, in the middle of the eighteenth century the export duties and the almojarifazgo collected at Acapulco amounted to 183,500 pesos on the Manila valuation of 500,000 pesos, and this money was used to refit the galleon and to procure supplies for the return voyage (Delgado, op. cit., 224). In 1696 the Acapulco collections amounted to 80,000 pesos on a Manila valuation of 250,000 pesos (John Francis Gemelli Careri, A Voyage round the World, in Churchill, Voyages, London, 1732, IV, 480, entry for January 31).

EDWARD G. BOURNE.

THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE. THE International Congress of Arts and Science, which met at St. Louis during the third week of September, brought together distinguished scholars from every part of the world and was, perhaps, the most important episode of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Many readers of the REVIEW are already familiar with the fact that in the choice and arrangement of subjects the interests of history were not neglected. The key to the whole scheme of proceedings is furnished by the official programme of the Congress, wherein the chief branches of knowledge are divided and subdivided. In this document "Historical Science" stands out as one of seven main divisions, the others being "Normative Science", "Physical Science", "Mental Science", "Utilitarian Sciences", "Social Regulation", and "Social Culture". That historical science was conceived of in a broad spirit by those who prepared the programme is also evident from the scheme of subdivision. Not only did political and economic history appear under this heading, but special categories were provided for law, language, literature, art, and religion. In a word, the value of the historical method was fully, even generously, recognized. Of the seven main divisions no other embraced so many sections. A chart of graphic statistics could be made to show in vivid colors that "Historical Science", with thirty-two sections, ranked before "Physical Science", with thirty-one.

As illustrating the catholicity of scholarship the International Congress was a fine spectacle, but as to its usefulness a final verdict must rest upon the quality of the papers it drew forth. At the present moment no human being can venture to appraise the value of the addresses which were delivered in the division of Historical Science alone. The sessions

of the Congress covered less than a week, and so many meetings were in progress at the same time that it proved physically impossible to attend more than a small fraction of them. Until the proceedings are in print judgment must be suspended, but meanwhile two things may be said with some confidence. It is doubtful whether any one who spoke at St. Louis treated the Congress contemptuously in the sense that he paid little heed to the preparation of his address. Lamprecht, it is true, spoke from the full heart without the least vestige of a note, but to say that he spoke carelessly or that he gave his audience much less than he might have given it, would be unjust. Bury seems to have voiced the general sentiment when in his closing words he observed: "It is not very bold to predict that historians of the distant future in tracing the growth of coöperation and tendencies to a federation of human effort. . . will record this Congress . . . as a significant point in this particular stage of man's' progress towards his unknown destiny." One who wrote thus was not likely to let his own contribution fall far below his best level.

In the second place it should be stated that the personnel of the Congress was on the whole remarkable. Conspicuous gaps were, of course, visible among the historians as among the representatives of other branches, but making every possible subtraction on this score there remained enough speakers of high standing to invest the sessions with extraordinary interest. In the department of political and economic history the foreign delegation comprised Mahaffy, Pais, Cordier, Lamprecht, Bury, and Conrad; while Furtwängler, Budde, Harnack, and Réville were speaking in other departments on subjects of deep historical significance. Among American scholars, President Woodrow Wilson delivered the address with which the proceedings of the historical division opened; and papers dealing, the one with "Historical Science", the other with History and Literature", were given before the department of political and economic history by Professors W. M. Sloane and J. H. Robinson. Professor G. B. Adams discussed the problems of medieval history, Professors F. J. Turner and E. G. Bourne represented the history of America, and Professor S. N. Patten was the colleague of Conrad in the section devoted to the history of economic institutions.

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A criticism or even a description of the views advanced in all these papers would lead us far beyond the limits assigned to the present notice. Here one must be content with saying that for historians, no less than for the exponents of the physical and utilitarian sciences, the St. Louis Congress was a memorable occasion. It is expected that the text of the addresses will be published in full by the Directors of the Exposition.

C. W. COLBY.

NOTES AND NEWS

The Honorable George Frisbie Hoar, ex-president of the American Historical Association, died at his home in Worcester, Massachusetts, in the early part of October, at the age of seventy-eight. Mr. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1826, graduated from Harvard College and the Dane Law School (Harvard), served in the Massachusetts legislature, was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the Forty-First Congress, and in 1877 was elected United States Senator. His interest in American history was always keen, and while his public duties prevented him from devoting any appreciable time to historical research or writing, he was an important member of such organizations as the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Antiquarian Society, the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, and the Virginia Historical Society. He served one year, 1895, as president of the American Historical Association and was henceforward a life-member of the council of the Association. Most of his historical contributions are to be found in the publications of these societies. In 1882, in the annual report of the council to the American Antiquarian Society, he contributed an account of the materials for historical research in the city of Washington, which, while slight and containing some errors, remained for years the principal source of information. Among other of his articles published by the same society may be mentioned Government in Canada and the United States Compared (1891), and The Obligations of New England to the County of Kent (1885). His principal service to historians, however, lay in the writing of his own biography, Reminiscences of Seventy Years (1903).

Henry Butler Clarke, who had become known in late years as a promising scholar in Spanish history, especially on its literary side, died in the late summer. His writings include a Handbook of Spanish Literature, and The Cid Campeador (in "Heroes of the Nations"); and recently he was engaged on a history of Spain in the nineteenth century.

M. Henri Wallon, secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres since 1873, died recently, in his ninety-second year. His published writings include many volumes, among them six on Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris, and five on Les Représentants du Peuple en Mission et la Justice Révolutionnaire dans les Départements en

l'an II.

Friedrich Ratzel, professor of geography in the University of Leipzig, died on the eighth of August, in his sixtieth year. American students who have attended lectures of his will remember his strong, active personality, and the clear and large perspective he gave to whatever he discussed. Always occupying some high point and looking far around.

him, his principal influence upon historical students - as possibly upon others was in extending their horizon. This he did in his teaching, and also by many writings, chiefly however by his Anthropogeographie and Politische Geographie. Americans will recall also his Die Vereinig ten Staaten von Nord-Amerika.

The Rev. Dr. Benjamin F. De Costa, author of The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America, The Northmen in Maine, and Verrazano the Explorer, died in New York on November 4.

John Foster Kirk died at his home in Philadelphia on September 21. He was born in New Brunswick in 1824 and came to Boston in 1842. For eleven years he was secretary to William H. Prescott, receiving an impulse to historical research which resulted in his three-volume History of Charles the Bold (1864–1868). In 1873-1876 he prepared the revised edition of Prescott's works, brought out by the Lippincotts. For two years, 1886-1888, he was a lecturer in history at the University of Pennsylvania. His position since 1870 as editor of Lippincott's Magazine made extended historical research impossible, and his Charles the Bold remains his one achievement in that field.

The next annual meeting of the Association of History Teachers of the Middle States and Maryland will be held in the Washington Square Building of New York University, March 10 and 11, 1905. Papers upon the curriculum in history for grammar-schools will be read and some specific recommendations made with regard to the proper subjects to be taught, the order of sequence, and the content. The discussion of the propositions put forth at last year's meeting concerning the work in secondary schools (given in detail in the Minutes, issued about December 15) will be continued, and some features of the work will be entered into in greater detail in order to give a more complete understanding of the committee's idea. On Friday evening Professor Stevenson, of Rutgers College, will speak upon "The Early Cartography of the New World" and Professor Brigham, of Colgate University, will speak on "The Character and Limitations of Geographical Control Illustrated by the Chattanooga Campaign". Fuller announcements will be sent later to those who may desire them by the secretary, E. H. Castle, Teachers College, Columbia University.

It is announced that a number of the scattered writings of the late York Powell will be collected and published in a single volume, together with a memoir based especially on Powell's letters to friends. The work is in charge of Professor O. Elton, of Liverpool.

Professor Ch. V. Langlois, of the University of Paris, visited several of the universities of this country in the fall. At Chicago he lectured on "La Tradition Historique de la France".

The University of Chicago has recently acquired Professor George Elliott Howard's special "Library of Matrimonial Institutions". It consists of about 1,700 volumes and is probably the largest and best col

lection of monographs ever made on the subject of marriage, divorce, and the family. The books were gathered by Mr. Howard during the many years devoted to his recently published History of Matrimonial Institutions. They are of great interest to all students of religious, juridical, and sociological history.

The New York Public Library Bulletin for November contains the fifth and concluding part of a "List of Works Relating to Naval History". This bibliography, the first four parts of which appeared in the Bulletins for June, July, August, and September, is arranged by countries, and the entries for each country are classified. It fills about three hundred columns, seventy-five of which are devoted to the United States. In the November Bulletin are also a "List of Works relating to Shakers", and the journal of an unknown Pennsylvania soldier, kept during the campaign of 1776 around New York and the retreat through New Jersey. The September Bulletin contains a "List of Maps of the World". These two hundred thirty-three maps are those that were on exhibition in the Lenox Library during the recent geographical congress.

A History Syllabus for Secondary Schools, prepared by a special committee, of the New England History Teachers' Association, of which Professor H. D. Foster was chairman, has been published by Heath (1904, PP. 375). It covers the four years' work in history and may be obtained entire or in pamphlets that cover a single year.

A "Provisional list of special collections in European history acquired by American libraries during 1903 and 1904 ", by Professor W. H. Siebert, is in The Library Journal for September.

Professor J. H. Robinson's Readings in European History (Boston, Ginn and Co., 1904) should meet with a wide welcome in the schools. It is in the main a collection of extracts from the sources, chosen with the purpose of illustrating the progress of culture in western Europe since the German invasions, and the selection of matter has been made with such judgment that the vivifying, interest-creating objects of collections of this sort are attained, in this instance, to an exceptional degree. Though designed directly to supplement the same writer's Introduction to the History of Western Europe, the material here gathered may be used advantageously with any of the usual texts. The first volume (pp. xxxi, 551), closing with selections on the Italian cities during the Renaissance, appeared in the fall; the second volume, beginning with Europe at the opening of the sixteenth century, is to be ready early this year. It is announced also that an abridged edition for use in high-schools is in preparation.

Students in several lines-economics and numismatics, as well as history will welcome the latest addition to the "Handbuch" of medieval and modern history appearing under the editorship of von Below and Meinecke: Allgemeine Münzkunde und Geldgeschichte des Mittelal