course disappears, adds to the mystery and horror. At last, by the aid of letters left by Dr. Lanyon, another of Dr. Jekyll's friends, to whom he has revealed the secret, and who is killed by the discovery, the strange facts are exposed. Utterson breaks into Jekyll's laboratory only to find Hyde, who has just taken his own life, and Jekyll is gone forever."1

(2) "In Cyrano de Bergerac the author has presented a clear picture of an intensely loyal man, a man loyal to his country, to the woman he loves, and to his friend, even when that loyalty costs him his own happiness. As the name of the play suggests, this one figure stands out in bold relief, and about it group themselves the other characters. Indeed, they sometimes pale into insignificance before the strong personality of the hero, who, brave and defiant in battle, is willing to suffer complete self-effacement for the happiness of the woman he adores. Cyrano is in love with his cousin Roxane, but, conscious of his outward unattractiveness, hesitates to reveal the depths of his passion. He finds that she has become attracted by a young cadet who has beauty but little intellect. This lover, Christian, is the opposite of Cyrano, and when Roxane appeals for aid to her cousin, he resolves not only to protect Christian, as she asks, but to try to make him the brilliant man she thinks him. He puts all his talents at the service of Christian, writes his letters, teaches him poetic phrases, and succeeds so well in the deception that he brings to light the true womanliness of Roxane, and she loves, not Christian's beauty, but the soul that shines in the letters. The knowledge of this wakens Christian to a realization of his true position, and he refuses to accept blindly the love to which he has no right. He bids Cyrano tell all, and for one brief moment happiness seems within Cyrano's reach. But Christian is killed in battle, and loyalty to his

1 Quoted from Library of the World's Best Literature, Vol. 30.

dead friend seals Cyrano's lips. He strengthens Roxane's belief in Christian's ability and talents. He himself remains simply Roxane's helpful, cheerful friend, until, as he is dying, he allows the last letter he wrote in Christian's name, and which, as Christian's, had been treasured by Roxane, to speak again a farewell to her, — this time his own."

(3) "The Livery of Honor, like Hugh Wynne and Richard Carvel, treats of Revolutionary times in America. The scene is laid with General Burgoyne's army during its invasion of New York and subsequent detention at Cambridge, where the betrothed of a young Oxonian lives. The narrative deals especially with his quest of her.

"Robert Heatherington, just from Oxford, gets himself appointed to General Burgoyne's staff, ostensibly to fight for his king, but really to lend succor to his betrothed, Dorothy Vaughn, who, residing at Cambridge with her father, is an adherent of the king. Among the regimental officers in General Burgoyne's army is Raoul Wilde, formerly a playmate of Robert's, but now a wild, dissolute fellow, who hopes to win Dorothy's affection. Robert Heatherington, owing to the suspicious conduct of Raoul Wilde, through whose means he had lost money at cards, is not on good terms with Wilde. However, they get along without clashing until after the taking of Ticonderoga. At this place Captain Heatherington is captured by American woodsmen, and confined in a cabin, where he overhears a British officer betray plans to an American militiaman. His surprise is great when, peering through a crack in the wall, he recognizes the traitor as Raoul Wilde. Captain Heatherington subsequently escapes to the British camp.

1 The Livery of Honor; a Tale of Certain of the King's» Adherents in America. By Mark Lee Luther. In Lippincott's Magazine for November, 1899.

Before reporting the treason to General Burgoyne, Heatherington, out of memory of his boyhood days, gives Wilde an opportunity to reach the American lines. After this episode there follows the series of British defeats culminating in the surrender of Burgoyne. Then, in accordance with the treaty, the British, under the charge of American officers, are transported to Cambridge to embark for England. In this town they are kept for months, because the Continental Congress failed to carry out the provisions of the treaty of Saratoga.

"In Cambridge, Heatherington is afforded the opportunity for which he had endured the severe trials and hardships of the campaign. All the toils, all the privations, all the slights of the commanding officers, the ignominy of defeat, are forgotten in the chance he now has for renewing his love for Dorothy Vaughn. The Vaughns, who have remained true to King George, are threatened time and again with the wrath of the mob. Chief among the instigators of the rabble is Raoul Wilde, who has become a spy in the patriotic army. After the proverbial roughness of the course of true love Captain Heatherington wins Dorothy. Just as Judge Vaughn has blessed the betrothed couple the house is attacked by the mob. Judge Vaughn, Captain Heatherington, and Dorothy meet them at the head of the stairs. A hand-to-hand encounter between Captain Heatherington and Raoul is imminent when the venerable judge, after denouncing the mob and calling upon God to save his king, falls back dead from heart disease. The mob, overawed by the spectacle, retire in silence. Shortly after, Captain Heatherington and Dorothy are married, and when the former is exchanged they return to England. Raoul Wilde, after a checkered career, drifts to Paris, where he is guillotined during the reign of terror."

In a summary, whether of one or of several paragraphs, the following hints may be kept in mind:

(1) Begin, if possible, by a statement of the purpose, the main actors, and the circumstances.

(2) Then take up the action, omitting all incidents that do not bear on the main plot.

(3) If the summary permits more than one paragraph of some length, take the action in one paragraph up to a sort of crisis, such as you would find at the end of an act in a play. Then continue or conclude the action in another paragraph.

(4) Use past tenses, preferably, throughout; or, if you choose, use present tenses; but do not, unless it is really necessary, use both.

(5) Try to keep to the spirit of the original.

(6) Try to bring out the purpose of the author.

EXERCISE 16

1. In a single paragraph give a summary of a familiar or recent piece of fiction.

2. In a single paragraph summarize, from an historical work, an account of a battle.

3. In several paragraphs summarize a novel or an historical work; a play.

CHAPTER V

EXPOSITION

33. EXPOSITION. 34. METHOD IN EXPOSITION.

FAULTS IN EXPOSITION.

35. COMMON - EXERCISE 17.-36. THE EXPOSITORY SUMMARY. EXERCISE 18.-37. CRITICISM. EXERCISE 19.

33. Exposition. Next to narration, exposition is certainly the most natural form of human expression, - for exposition is simply explanation, and the explanation or elucidation of our ideas occupies, after the narration of what we have seen or heard or experienced, the greater part of our speech and our written composition. We use exposition when we set forth our ideas on politics or the weather, when we explain how bread is baked or bicycles are manufactured, when, in short, we explain or expound1 any conceivable idea. Exposition is thus definitely distinguished from narration. With description it is in certain circumstances closely connected. We sometimes speak of describing a machine—an automobile, for example-or of describing a man's character. In each case we certainly give the physical details in such a way that the reader can make a mental picture of the object concerned, and what we write is thus in a way

1 We have, unfortunately, no English verb of the same meaning cognate with the noun exposition; that is, we do not say we expose " a subject, but that we explain or expound it.