 | Ernst Mayr - 1982 - Страниц: 996
...sum of the parts, not in an ultimate, metaphysical sense but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole." I accept this definition, except that we may continue to consider some relatively simple systems, such... | |
 | Stephanie Forrest - 1991 - Страниц: 228
...sum of the parts, not in an ultimate, metaphysical sense but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole. In the face of complexity an in-principle reductionist may be at the same time a pragmatic holist.... | |
 | James N. Rosenau - 1990 - Страниц: 502
...sum of the parts, not in an ultimate, metaphysical sense, but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...not a trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole."29 For present purposes, however, such a general formulation is not sufficient. In order to... | |
 | Millett Granger Morgan, Max Henrion, Mitchell Small - 1990 - Страниц: 354
...sense but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of interaction, it is not a trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole. (Simon, 1982) He argues: How complex or simple a structure is depends critically upon the way in which... | |
 | John P. van Gigch - 1991 - Страниц: 480
...more than the parts, not in an ultimate metaphysical sense, but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole." Hierarchy helps us to organize, to understand, to communicate, and to learn about complexity. When... | |
 | Thomas Lahusen, Gene Kuperman - 1993 - Страниц: 348
...sum of its parts, not in an ultimate, metaphysical sense but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...not a trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole."30 Quite simply, "most structures of an organism are meaningless without the rest of the organism;... | |
 | Richard W. England - 1994 - Страниц: 272
...mean one made up of a large number of parts that interact in a nonsimple way. In such systems .... given the properties of the parts and the laws of...trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole" (Simon 1981, 195). For similar ideas, see Hodgson (1987). 28. For more on this point, see Danchin (1983),... | |
 | E. Csuhaj-Varjú - 1994 - Страниц: 264
...sum of the parts, not in an ultimate, metaphgsical sense but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole." R. Serra and G. Zanarini [SZ 90] start their discussion on the dynamical systems approach to artificial... | |
 | Herbert A. Simon - 1996 - Страниц: 252
...systems the whole is more than the sum of the parts in the weak but important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...not a trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole.2 The four sections that follow discuss four aspects of complexity. The first offers some comments... | |
 | Michael Macovski - 1997 - Страниц: 285
...sum of the parts, not in an ultimate, metaphysical sense but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of...not a trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole."16 Quite simply, "most structures of an organism are meaningless without the rest of the organism;... | |
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In such systems, the whole is more than the sum of the parts, not in an ultimate, metaphysical sense, but in the important pragmatic sense that, given the properties of the parts and the laws of their interaction, it is not a trivial matter to infer the... 
