OF THE

THIRTY-FIRST MEETING

OF THE

BRITISH ASSOCIATION

FOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE;

HELD AT MANCHESTER IN SEPTEMBER 1861.

C LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Extracts from Resolutions of the General Committee

Arrangement of the General Meetings .....

Address of the President.......

REPORTS OF RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE.

Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1860-61. By a Com-

mittee, consisting of JAMES GLAISHER, Esq., F.R.S., of the Royal

Observatory, Greenwich, Secretary to the British Meteorological

Society, &c.; J. H. GLADSTONE, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S. &c.; R. P.

GREG, Esq., F.G.S. &c.; and E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.R.A.S., M.B.M.S.

&C............

Report on the Action of Prison Diet and Discipline on the Bodily

Functions of Prisoners.-Part I. By EDWARD SMITH, M.D., LL.B.,

F.R.S., Assistant Physician to the Hospital for Consumption, Bromp-

ton; and W. R. MILNER, M.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Convict Prison,

Wakefield. With Appendices...

....

Freight as affected by Differences in the Dynamic Properties of Steam-

ships. By CHARLES ATHERTON, Chief Engineer, H.M. Dockyard,

Woolwich..........

Report on the Progress of Celestial Photography since the Aberdeen

Meeting. By WARREN DE LA RUE, F.R.S.....

xliii

xlv

xlix

xlix

li

1

44

82

.......

94

Page

On the Theory of Exchanges, and its recent extension. By BALFOUR

STEWART, A.M...

97

On the Recent Progress and Present Condition of Manufacturing Che-

mistry in the South Lancashire District. By Drs. E. SCHUNCK,

R. ANGUS SMITH, and H. E. Roscoe

On Ethno-Climatology; or, the Acclimatization of Man. By JAMES

HUNT, Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the Anthropolo-

gical Society of Paris, Honorary Secretary of the Ethnological Society

of London.........

On Experiments on the Gauging of Water by Triangular Notches. By

JAMES THOMSON, M.A., Professor of Civil Engineering, Queen's

College, Belfast

108

129

..... 151

Report on Field Experiments and Laboratory Researches on the Con-

stituents of Manures essential to cultivated Crops. By Dr. AUGUSTUS

VOELCKER, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester........ ........ 158

Provisional Report on the Present State of our Knowledge respecting

the Transmission of Sound-signals during Fogs at Sea. By HENRY

HENNESSY, F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Catholic

University of Ireland ..........

...... 173

Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Birds of the

Genus Apteryx living in New Zealand. By PHILIP LUTLEY SCLA-

TER and FERDINAND VON HOCHSTETTER

176

Report of the Results of Deep-sea Dredging in Zetland; with a Notice

of several Species of Mollusca new to Science or to the British Isles.

By J. GWYN JEFFREYS, F.R.S., F.G.S........

Contributions to a Report on the Physical Aspect of the Moon. By

J. PHILLIPS, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Geology, Oxford... 180

Contribution to a Report on the Physical Aspect of the Moon. By W.

R. BIRT, F.R.A.S.

178

181

Preliminary Report of the Dredging Committee for the Mersey and Dee.

By Dr. COLLINGWOOD and Mr. BYERLEY

188

Third Report of the Committee on Steam-ship Performance............... 190

Preliminary Report on the Best Mode of Preventing the Ravages of

Teredo and other Animals in our Ships and Harbours. By J. GWYN

JEFFREYS, F.R.S., F.G.S. ...

Report of the Experiments made at Holyhead (North Wales) to ascer-

tain the Transit-Velocity of Waves, analogous to Earthquake Waves,

through the local Rock Formations: by command of the Royal Society

and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. By

ROBERT MALLET, C.E., F.R.S.

200

201

On the Explosions in British Coal-Mines during the year 1859. By

THOMAS DOBSON, B.A., Head Master of the School Frigate "Con-

way," Liverpool

236

Continuation of Report on Steam Navigation at Hull. By JAMES

OLDHAM, C.E., Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers......... 239

Brief Summary of a Report on the Flora of the North of Ireland. By

Professor G. DICKIE, M.D.............

240

Page

On the Psychical and Physical Characters of the Mincopies, or Natives

of the Andaman Islands, and on the Relations thereby indicated to

other Races of Mankind. By Professor OWEN, F.R.S. &c. ......... 241

Report from the Balloon Committee. By Colonel SYKES, M.P., F.R.S. 249

Report on the Repetition of the Magnetic Survey of England, made at

the request of the General Committee of the British Association.

By Major-General EDWARD SABINE, R.A., President of the Royal

Society....

...... 250

Interim Report of the Committee for Dredging on the North and East

Coasts of Scotland...........

..... 280

On the Resistance of Iron Plates to Statical Pressure and the Force of

Impact by Projectiles at High Velocities. By WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN,

Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. &c., President of the Association

........ 280

Continuation of Report to determine the Effect of Vibratory Action and

long-continued Changes of Load upon Wrought-iron Girders. By

WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., President of the

Association......

Report of the Committee on the Law of Patents......

286

...... 289

Report on the Theory of Numbers.-Part III. By H. J. STEPHEN

SMITH, M.A., F.R.S., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the Uni-

versity of Oxford

292