The chief part of the firft volume contains a defcription of Conftantinople, and a very general account of the government and ftate of the Empire. The author then relates the declaration of war against the Ruffians, with the events which immediately preceded and followed this measure. On this occafion, he gives fome anecdotes of Hadan Pacha, who in addition to his former honours, had acquired a confiderable degree of reputation by his expedition into Egypt: but the Count afferts that, instead of fubduing the Beys there, he only entered into a temporary accommodation with them, which will not long fecure their obedience to the Porte; and that he diftinguished himself rather by his cruelty and rapacity, than by any valuable qualifi cations. His character is here reprefented in the moft odious light he is said to know just enough of navigation to qualify him for piracy, but to be totally deficient in every thing requifite to conftitute an admiral. He ufed to be followed by a tame lion, which attended him where-ever he went, and rendered his approach univerfally dreaded: he attempted to accuftom a tyger to the fame office but a narrow efcape from the fury of this animal, induced him to difmifs his formidable fatellites; to whofe favage difpofition, his own, according to the accoupt before us, bears a very striking resemblance. His perfonal courage cannot be denied: but it is the courage of a brute, difplayed in difgraceful inftances of ferocity and cruelty, and accompanied with the most infatiable rapacity.

On the Count's return from Conftantinople in 1788, he had an opportunity of seeing the army of the Turks, which was encamped near Sophia in Bulgaria. From his account, it appears that M. Peonel's partiality has led him to think too highly of their military character and difcipline, which lat. ter is here faid to be extremely defective. Of the licentious rapacity and wanton cruelty. of their foldiers, the country, through which they had passed, afforded a melancholy proof;

all, and deftitute of the means of culture, had as the wretched inhabitants, pillaged of their deferted their lands, and retired into the mountains of Macedonia. The confequence of this cruel and improvident conduct fell heavily on the perpetrators of it; as the army fuffered fev rely from the famine, which naturally ollowed their barbarity in deftroying the cultivation of so considerable a tract of country.

Of the Turkifh infantry, the Janizaries are the principal. They conftitute a very numerous body, distributed into a hundred and one legions: but they are not lefs formidable to their own government, than to the enemy. Their number is not limited, for the title of Janizary is hereditary; and moft of the Turks enlist themselves in thefe legions, on account of the privileges they enjoy; the chief of which are, to be exempt from the baftinado on the foles of the feet, and, when condemned to death, to die by the bowftring. In time of peace, fome of them enjoy a small pay; but, in actual fervice, this is granted to all; and they generally infit on its being advanced to them.

The young men, on their first entrance into this corps, are obliged to ferve as fcullions to their refpe&tive meffes, and to distri bute the daily allowance of provision to their fellow foldiers: this office, which they muft perform till their muftaches are fuf. ficiently grown, is of no fmall importance among the Janizaries, who are much less attached to their standards than to their camp kitchen the lofs of the former they confider as easily repaired, but that of the latter as an irretrievable difgrace: in this case, the legion is disbanded, and another formed and provided with new kitchen utenfils, of which, to prevent thefe accidents, they generally take care to have a double fet.

Though the Janizaries are confidered as infantry, yet, as thofe of them who can afford to keep horfes, will not ferve without them, their legions are a confufed medley of horse and foot, which occafions no fmall diforder in the operations of the army.

The Spahis conftitute the Turkish cavalry, and are divided into fixteen legions; they poffefs lands as hereditary fiefs, which, in default of male children, devolve to their commander, who may dispose of them as he pleafes: fome of them have very confiderable eftates, on account of which they are obliged to maintain a certain number of horsemen, whom they mult bring into the field. They seem to be better disciplined than the Janizaries, and have not their ridiculous at tachment to their pots and kettles. Their attack is rapid and impetuous, but irregular.

The

The Afiatic troops, especially those from Syria and Mefopotamia, form an excellent body of light cavalry: their horfes are fleet and full of fire, and they generally have the advantage in skirmishes: but they are of lit tle avail against the heavy and well difciplined horfe of the Germans.

The cannoniers are a very numerous body; fome of them, who have been trained by French officers, are tolerably expert in the management of field-pieces: but the advantage which might be derived from thefe, is frustrated by the ignorance of their commanders, and by the clumfinefs of their carringes, which require twenty horses, or thirty buffaloes, to draw them.

The bombardiers are a body separate from the former, and have their own commander. Like the Spahis, they enjoy fiefs, which oblige them to fupply the corps with a certain Lumber of men; their skill is not fufficient to do much mischief to the enemy. In general, it appears that all the pains which the French have taken to inftruct the Turks in fortification, gunnery, fhip-building, and tactics, have been defeated by the obftinate prejudices of this people.

The Ottomans never fortify their camps, which are formed around the quarters of their commander in chief, but without any regular order, as every one may pitch his tent where he pleafes. The Grand Vizir, with the troops immediately under his command, forms the main body; the Janizaries, with their commander, conftitute another encampment, at some distance from the former; and between thefe, at an equal diftance from each, is the artillery. When the army approaches within a few days march of the enemy, the Grand Vizir appoints a lieutenant-general, who, with a large detachment, advances to reconnoitre, or to engage. This divifion of their forces is highly difadvantageous; for the advanced guard, being too far from the main body to be fupported, muft, in cafe of a defeat, retire in diforder, and diffufe a panic among the Vi zir's army; this has happened feveral times' during the war; when the Vizir has been obliged to decamp with all poflible expedition, in order to fecure the facred ftandard, and to preferve the remainder of his

forces.

The Turks are by no means deficient in personal bravery, and their impetuofity makes them formidable in their first attack: but if this be repelled with firmness, their confufion renders their total defeat almoft inevitable, as they have no idea of an orderly retreat, or of rallying their forces, and as their camp affords them no refuge from the purfuit of a victorious foe. In short, every thing relative to their military operations, is attended with diforder and improvidence ; con

head.

The Turks treat their prisoners of war with the most fhocking barbarity. This author, who, in confequence of fome treachery. toward him, was fent back in chains from the camp to Conftantinople, along with a number of Auftrian foldiers, gives an affecting account of the treatment which they ex perienced. Among other circumftances, he tells us, that two of them being wounded and unable to travel on horfeback, were murdered by their guards, who heheaded' them, falted the heads, and put them into a fack, in which they had collected a confi-" derable number; among thefe, one of the unhappy prifoners had the misfortune to recognize the head of his brother, and another of them, that of his fon. To cruelty," the Turks add great impolicy; for they treat' deferters from the enemy in the fame manner as their prifoners.

The account of the Turkish army, from which the above particulars are collected, is by far the most interefting part of these volumes; the remainder of which contains account of Georgia, Circaffia, Armenia, Perfia, Syria, Egypt, and the Grecian iflands: but as a writer of travels, much cannot be faid in commendation of the author: his defcriptions are hafty and fuperficial, his obfervations trite and unimportant, and his style is unpleasant and often confused. M.

LON D'O N.

Religion, c.

An attempt towards an improved versions a metrical arrangement, and an explanation of the Prophet Ezekiel. By William New

come,

come, D. D. Bishop of Waterford, and Member of the Royal Irish Academy. 4to. IO S. 6 d. boards. Marchbank, Dublin; Johnson,

London.

Annotations on Genefis; with obfervations doctrinal and practical. By the Rev. Thomas Harwood, late of univerfity college Oxford. 8vo. 5 s. fewed. Leigh Sotheby.

Hiftory, Biography, Law, Politics. Gibbon's History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, in 6 vols. 4to, abridged in 2 vols 8vo. 12 s. boards. Cadell."

Memoirs of the late Dr Benjamin Franklin; with a review of his pamphlet intitled, Information to those who would wish to remove to America." 8vo. 2s. 6d. Clarke, New Bond-street.

The great queftion of bills of exchange, called fictitious, confidered, in a letter addre fed to a folicitor concerned: wherein the origin of that queftion, and its frivolity, is fhewn. By Sam. Godfrey, Attorney at Law. 8vo. IS. Cole, Fore-freet, Moorfields.

A Digeft of the law of actions at nifi-prius. By Ifaac 'Efpinaffe. Efq; of Gray's Inn, Barriter at Law. 8vo. 2 large vols. boards. Cadell.

12 S.

The danger of the political balance of Europe. Tranflated from the French of the King of Sweden. By the Rt Hon. Lord Mountmorres. 12mo. 3s. 6d. boards. Jeffrey.

Short obfervations on the Rt Hon. Ed. Burke's reflections. 8vo. I s. 6d. Kearsey.

A letter to the Rt Hon. Ed. Burke, in reply to his "reflections," &c. By a mem ber of the Revolution fociety. 8vo. I s. 6 d. Stockdale.

A vindication of the rights of men, in a letter to the Rt Hon. Edm. Burke; occafioned by his "reflections," &c. By Mary Wollstonecraft. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Joben.

An addrefs to the national affembly of France; containing ftri&tures on Mr Burke's "reflections," &c. 8vo. I s. 6 d. Deigb

ton.

Obfervations on the reflections of the Rt Hon. Ed. Burke, &c. in a letter to the Earl of Stanhope. 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. Dilly.

Faction unmasked, by the evidence of truth. In a letter from an old member of the late, to a new member of the prefent, parliament. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Bath printed, and fold by Ridgway, London.

A fpeech delivered on Feb. 19. 1789, in the House of Lords of Ireland, upon the addrefs to the Prince of Wales; by Lord Mountmorres. 8vo. Is. Jeffrey.

Reflections on peace and war, with application to the past events of our hiftory, and the prefent fituation of public affairs. fmall 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. fewed. Robinsons.

Natural Hifery, Mathematics. Elements of natural history and chemistry.

By Mr Foureroy, Doctor of the Faculty of Medicine at Paris, &c. Tranflated from the laft Paris election, 1789, being the third, in vols. 8vo. With au alphabetical compa rative view of the ancient and modern names of chemical fubftances, with all the tables, and a complete index. To which is prefixed by the tranflator, a preface, containing strictures on the history and present state of chemiftry; with obfervations on the pofitions, facts, and arguments, urged for and against the antiphlogiftic theory and new nomenclature, by Meff. Lavoisier, Priestley, Kir. wan, Keir, Sage, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. I l. I s. boards. Elliot Co. The

A general history of quadrupeds. figures engraved on wood. By T. Bewick. 8vo. 8 s. boards. Robinsons.

A fyftem of algebra, By John Davidfon 8vo. 4 s. boards. Longman. Novels.

St Julian's abbey: in a series of letters. I2mo. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed. Lane.

Juliet; or the cottager: in a series of letters, by a Lady. 12nio. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed.

Lane.

The relapfe; or myrtle bank. 12mo. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed. Stalker.

Charles Henley or The fugitive restored. Izmo. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed. Lane.

The follies of St James's freet. Izmo. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed. Lane.

Elegant tales, hiftories, and epiftles of a moral tendency; on love, friendship, matrimony, conjugal felicity, jealoufy, conftancy, magnanimity, cheerfulness, and other impor tant fubjects. By the author of woman; or hiftorical sketches of the fair fex. 12mo. 4 S. fewed. Kearley.

Miscellaneous.

Letters on love, marriage, and adultery; addreffed to the Hon. the Earl of Exeter 8vo. 2s. 6d. Ridgway.

Philofophical tranfactions of the Royal So ciety of London. vol. 8o. for 1790. part 1. 4to. 8 s. fewed. Davis.

Leffons to a young Prince, on the prefent difpofition of Europe to a general revolution. crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. fewed. Simmons.Of the skill of this British Mentor, in the difcerument of political characters, or, rather, of his manner of representing them, when dictating to his royal pupil, on the fube ject of favouritifm, the following instance may be here selected.

"I am going to hazard an opinion, on which I would hazard my life-that Fox, by far the fuperior man of the party, is remarkably defective in the great and inventive properties of wisdom.-Schemes, plans, information, or materials, have ever been collected for Fox by all the talents and industry of a powerful party; and he has, above all men, the faculty of instantly giving order

and

and expreffion to uncouth and enormous maffes: but his mind not embracing the origin of measures, it is a chance that he directs them to the ruin or to the advantage of his party.I will give as inftances the coalition the India bill-the inherent right to the regency-and the trial of Warren Haftings events which mark the public life of Mr Fox with national odium; and he has incurred it, not from dishonesty, for if there be an honeft man among all the political adventurers and champions of the time, he is Charles Fox; but for want of abilities, for want of wif dom.

Who projected the coalition, I am not in formed. By internal evidence, I should adjudge it to be the idea of Burke: the extravagant abfurdity of it fuits no other mind.

The India bill, I am well affured, is Burke's own offspring and it ftrongly bears the impreffions of its parent.

The doctrine of hereditary regency was furnished by Lord Loughborough (the wellknown Wedderburne) with abundant promises of authorities and reasons, which were never fulfilled.

la the trial of Haftings, eloquence has been employed, like water in an inundation, without judgement, and without advantage. All the objects in the contemplation of Mr Fox on these celebrated occasions, might have been obtained-not only without infamy, but with applause.

Pitt has obtained them all, with abilities greatly inferior, but with the art of profiting by the errors of Fox. He has all the advantages of the coalition, by detaching Robinfon from his old mafter. He has acquired more power in India than Mr Fox aimed at, by only saving appearances with the King: he has acquired popularity by a doctrine refpecting the power of two eftates in Parliament, which if advanced by Mr Fox, would have procured his impeachment; and he has rendered his opponents the inftruments of his own purposes refpecting Mr Haftings.

Such are the fuperlative abilities of your Royal Highness's principal, though, perhaps, not your favourite counsellor.

That Burke has talents, no man of fenfe will deny: but they are fuperficial, oftentatious, and want the guidance of judgement and fcience. Satis eloquentiæ fapientiæ parum." The royal and conftitutional regeneration of Great Britain: or, properly speaking, the effectual advancement of all the different national interests of the kingdom, which re main unexplored, rendered not only unexceptionable to the Sovereign, the nobility, the clergy, the people, and the individual, but highly defirable to every lover of the prefent general ftate of Great Britain. Being the difcovery of the practical means of advanding and completing the political economy;

the national improvements and civilization; the church, medicine, and law; the govern ment, politics, and finances of the kingdom, in a manner which will greatly promote, and by no means injure the private interests of any individual. By George Edwards, Efq; M. D. 4to. 2 vols. 15 s. boards. Debrett,

The practical means of effectually exone rating the public burdens; of paying off the national debt, and of raising the supplies of war without new taxes or loans of any kind: or the practical perfection of national finance, with the fcience of finance reduced into a regular art; with alfo a Succedaneum rendered complete for abolishing the Excife, and removing the various evils of finance, oppreffive to the trade and commerce of Great Britain. By George Edwards, Efq; M. D. 4to. 7 s. 6 d. boards. Debrett.Dr Edwards's ways and means are as follows: r. The poortax, capable of fupplying by favings to be made, (after plan propofed in the work), out of a certain annual amount of public revenue, 700,000l. 2. The road-tax, capable of supplying an annual revenue of 500,000l. by making the maintenance of the roads a national concern. 3. Paper or bank revenue of 900,000l. arifing from government deriving to itself all the advantage which paper-money of every denomination might afford, by ma king all banks a national establishment. 4. A general remodification of the taxes, by which they might be rendered 1,000,000 I. more productive. 5. A plan for preventing fmuggling, by providing land-guards, and cutting off the means of Imuggling, productive of 300,000l. 6. Savings of annual expenditure, by not embodying the militia in time of peace, by abolishing fome parts of the excife, &c. amounting to 300,000 l. 7. Sale of Gibraltar, 700,000 l. 8. An annual lottery, 250,000 l. 9. Additional revenue from wines and fpirituous liquors, and from a new mode of taxing exports and imports, 1,000,000 l. 10. Moral Revenue, arifing from fines for certain inferior offences;-from the annual payment of a pledge for good beha viour, to be made by all perfons without exception, who are arrived at mature age; a folemn promife being at the fame time publicly given before a clergyman, to fulfil the various duties of their ftations;-and from characters of fervants, written on ftamped paper, and figned by their masters, on exchange of place, product, 100,000l. II. A contributory tax, from the different external parts of the empire, 100,000 12. The land-tax, 2,000,000 1. 13. The malt-tax, 750,000l. 14. The retained duties of excife and cuftoms, 3,700,000 l. 15. Revenue arifing from ftamps, 2,800,000 l. 16. Additional revenue under different articles, 850,000l. In this manner the author propo fes to raise an annual revenue of 17,750,000l.;

and

ftice of England. By Philanthropos. 8vo. I s. Robinsons, c.

Letters on the fubject of the liberty of the prefs. By an Englishman. First published in the Paper of The World. 8vo. 2 s. Ridgway.

and thus to discharge annually 3,000,000 l. of the national debt. Dr Edwards offers this work to the public, under the idea of a new fchool of finance. How far it is better than the old one, is not fo certain. It seems probable, however, that, from the author's projects, many useful hints might be collected toward improving the ftate of the nation. M. Confiderations upon wit and morals. Tranf. lated from the French. 8vo. 6 s. boards. Robinfons.As a fpecimen of this fenfible and reflecting foreigner's manner of thinking, we infert, from various parts of the work, the following obfervations and aphorifms.

“This century prefents the image of old age. Impotence, admiration of the paft, felflove, which is the effect of age, and the infenfibility of an heart no longer fufceptible of impreffion, and, finally, an attachment to money, fcem to give the fexagenary charac ter of the times.

Sovereigns and the great fuffer none but gay and agreeable objects near their perfons; and their repugnance on fecing the unfortu nate is frequently mistaken for goodness, whilft their feelings are perfonal, and incline them to avoid the fight of that which is difagreeable.

The affliction of the great is often nothing more than anger.

The advantage of high birth chiefly confifts in making merit lefs neceffary.

There is no force of character in conftantly doing one thing, however eftimable it may be. He who ftudies every day of his life would have equally employed his time in playing, according to the ftate of his circumtances; but paffing from pleasure to business, and from diffipation to ftudy, is the mark of a mind independent, and endowed with the greatest vigour.

How can friendship exift between vicious perfons? Having broken all other ties, can thofe of friendhip be expected to contain them?

A woman among favages is a beaft of burthen, in the Eaft a piece of furniture, and in Europe a spoiled child.

A man paffes all his time with his miftrefs -his wife dies; he is looked upon as happy in being at liberty to pursue his inclination, and having the power of uniting himself to the object of his affections. But if this man, who is accustomed to go from home every day at four o'clock, fhould marry his miftrefs, where then will he have to go at that hour?"—This last aphorifm is truly French. It is a reflection fuited to a nation habituated to extreme gallantry. M.

Reflections occafioned by the frequency of fires in the metropolis; with thoughts on measures for adding to public fecurity, and remarks on the law of arfon. Addreffed to the Rt Hon. Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Ju

Strictures on the lives and characters of the most eminent lawyers of the present day: including, among other celebrated names, thofe of the Lord Chancellor, and the twelve judges. 8vo. 5 s. boards. Kearsley.

The monster at large; or, the innocence of Rhynwick Williams vindicated. In a letter to Sir Francis Buller, Bt, one of his Majesty's judges of the court of king's bench. By Theophilus Swift, Efq; 8vo. 3 s. fitched. Ridgway.

A

The history of Sandford and Merton. work intended for the use of children. vol. 3. 3 s. fewed. Stockdale.

The peerage directory: containing the mottos of the peers of Great Britain and Ireland, alphabetically arranged, and their supporters defcribed, in order to affift in pointing out the arms (blazoned on a carriage, or o therwise) of any individual nobleman. To which are annexed, the dates of their births, the titles by which their eldest fons are diftinguished, and alfo their family names; with an Index. 12mo. Is. Clarke. Bondstreet, &c.

Pictures of life: or, a record of manners, phyfical and moral, on the close of the 18th century. Tranflated from the French. fmall 8vo. 2 vols. 6 s. boards. Dilly.

Painting perfonified, or, The caricature and fentimental pictures of the principal artifts of the prefent times, fancifully explained. By Alexander Bicknell, Efq; 12mo. 2 vols. 6 s. fewed, Baldwin.

A concife defcription of the royal hospital for feamen at Greenwich. fmall 8vo. Sold only at the hofpital.

A treatife on the cotton-trade: in twelve letters. Addreffed to the Levant company. Weft-India planters, and Merchants. By Experience. 12mo. I s. 6d. Abraham.— -Experience is probably juftified in declaring" Perhaps there is not a trade more precarious and uncertain than that of dealing in cotton, being extenfive, fluctuating, and fpeculative; nor is there an article in which fo much property has been gained and lost (not even hops excepted), in the fame period of time." All this uncertainty, part of which arifes from fufbion, the most whimsically precarious dependence in nature, renders this trade very unfit for a permanent national object. This commodity, by which fortunes have been raifed and loft fo frequently, generates confederacies, in which a few monied men fcheme to eftablish a monopoly against smaller dealers, to the material injury of the public. Thefe again are counteracted

by