of St. Alban's. On the contrary, numerous inftances may be adduced to prove, that if he failed to FLEECE the holy fathers, it was more owing to their own prudence and the protection of the Pope, than to any want of inclination on his part. In the year 1242 (for inftance) Henry, then in France, commiffions the archbifhop of York, whom he had left regent in his abfence, to convene a general affembly of the Ciftercian abbots; and to demand of them a fubfidy, equal to one year's income, for the maintenance of his army. This claim the careful abbots thought proper to refift: alleging that grants of fuch a nature could only be made in a general chapter of the order; and befeeching his grace to recollect, that it was inconfiftent with the rules of their inftitution to encourage the flaughter of human beings, and more efpecially of their fellow chriftians. The Archbishop, highly incensed at their refufal, begged to know with what affurance they could in future folicits favours of the king? "My Lord, (replied one of the Abbots), we are not difpofed to folicit favors. By the oath taken at his coronation, the king is bound to maintain justice; and ought not to withhold that from us, which he hath fworn to obferve in regard of all his fubjects."-On this occafion a proclamation was issued, by which abbots of the Ciftercian order were, during the remain

der of the year, forbidden to attend any general chapter held out of the kingdom. This injunction was an impotent difplay of Henry's malice; for, Matthew Paris adds, they had very fubftantial reafons for ftaying at home, (578). Two years afterwards, he took a more effectual me thod of making them feel the weight of his refentment, by prohibiting the exportation of their wooL. (607).

A.D. 1252. Henry countenances the oppreffion of the monks of the Abbey of

Archiepifcopo roganti, ut Regem in exhibitione pecuniæ efficaciter promoverent et juvarent promovendo, in unum congregati refponderunt: In quo, domine? At Archiepifcopus: In parvo. Et cum inquififfent Ciftercienfes: In quo parvo ? ait Archipræful: In tanta pecunia quantum poteftis habere pro

LANA enni unius. Similis factus dicenti :

Da mibi animas, cætera tolle tibi. Non enim poffet quis alimentorum penuriam per paucos dies tolerare & vitæ carere fuftentaculis, quin animam exhalaret,

Rivaulx, in Yorkshire, by Peter of Savoy, an infolent favorite. (832).

A.D. 1256. Henry made another attempt on the property of the Ciftercians; but Ruftand the Pope's nuncio, who was his advocate in this, (*) fucceeded ro better than the Archbishop had done in the former inftance. Henry was fo much exasperated at this fecond repulfe, that he vowed to extort from them individually, what, as a body, they had refufed to advance; and proceeded to the moft unjuftifiable extremities in the execution of his threats. By the interceffion of the Pope, however, a check was at length put to thefe diabolical acts of defpotifm. (895. 896.)

In the fame year an order was fent to the theriffs, and other officers of the crown, enjoining them to respect no privileges claimed by the Citercians; and to exact the payment of toll, Telonium, quod vulgariter dicitur Paagium†) on the proctors returning from a general chapter: in confequence of which, many, who were unapprized of this new regulation, were compelled to part with their hoods and coats to answer the demand. (906.) Manchefter, July 8. DELISLE.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

Taft and mystery of glue-making, is at your fervice, if you think it worthy a place in your very valuable The improvement of any manufacture depends upon its eafy acceís Mifcellany. to men of fcience-and a prudential theorift can never be better employed, than in attempting to reduce to regularity, or to fytem, the manufactories that may fall under his notice. In conformity to the first principle, I made fome notes whilft vifiting a glue-manufactory a few years ago, in Southwark; and hofe interwoven with remarks on that fubject, of fome chemiftst of the first refpectability, I take

HE following attempt to display the

the liberty of fending you. At the fame time I mult beg of you, or your Correfpondents, that, where they may be corrected in any manner, it may be done, and I fhall feel myself much obliged by the

attention.

Glue is an infpiffated jelly, made of the parings of hides, or hoins, of any kind, the pelts obtained from furtiers, and the hoofs and ears of herfes, oxen, calves, heep, &c. quantities of all which are imported, in addition to the home fupply, by many of the great manufacturers of this article. Thefe are firft digefted in lime-water, to clean fe them, as far as it can, from the greafe or dirt they may have contracted: they are the teeped in clean water, taking care to stir them well from time to time afterwards they are laid in a heap, and the fuperabundant water preffed cut. Then they are boiled in a large brafs cauldron, with clean wa cr, fkimming off the dirt as it riis; and it is further cleaned by putting in, after the whole is diffolved, a little me.ted alum er lime, finely powdered, which by their deterive properties ftill further purge it. The fkimming is continued for lome time when the mafs is fraised through baskets, and fuffered to fettle, that the remaining impurities, if any, may fubfide. It is then poured gently into the kettle again, and further evaporated by boiling a fecond time, and fkimming until it becomes of a clear, but dark fh brown, colour. When it is thought to be strong enough (which is known either by the length of time a certain quantity of water and materials have boiled, or by its appearance during ebullition), it is poured into frames or moulds of about ix feet long, one broad and two deep, where it gradually harders as the heat decreafes out of which it is cut when cold, by a fpade, into square pieces or cakes Each of the fe is placed within a fort of wo dn-b x, open in three divisions to the back; in this the glue, as yet foft, is taken to a table by women, where they divide it into three pieces with an inftrument not unlike a bow, having a brafs wire for its ftring: with this they stand behind the box, and cut by its openings from front to b. ck. The pieces thus cut, are taken out into the open air, and dried on a kind of coarte ret-work, faftened in moveab'e fheds of about four feet iquare, which are placed in rows in the gine-makes field, and every one of which contains five or fix rows of netting.

When the women by mistake cut only two, that which is double the fize is called a bifhp, and is thrown into the pan again.

When perfectly dry and hard, it is fit for fale-That is thought the best glue which wells confiderably, without melting, by three or four days immersion in cold water, and recovers its former dimensions and properties by dry ng. Glue that has got fot, or that locks thick and black, may be melted over again, and refined with a fufficient quantity added of freth to overcome any injury it may have sustained; but it is generally put into the kettle, atter what is in it has been purged in the fecond boiling.-To know good from bad glue, it is neceflary for the purchaser to hold it between his eye and the lights and if it appears of aftrong dark colour, and fice from cloudy or black spots, the article is good.

Newcajile, June 21,

1802.

Your's, &c. JOHN CLENNELL.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

AM much indebted to you for the

I promptituce, with which my letter, on

the fubject of Mr. Beltham's calumny, was inferted in your interefting Mifcellany. The equal promptitude of Mr. Belham's apology, l'confefs, was no more than I expected: for, confcious that the afperfion was as unfounded as it was unprovoked and knowing that Mr. Beltham's perfonal connections enabled him, at all times, to make himlelf acquainted with my real character, there was little reafon to apprehend that he should endeavour to evade my appeal.

Why that appeal was made, has been already fufficiently explained-though Mr. Belfham, towards the end of his apology, feems to have forgotten that part of my former letter. My family had received a pofitive injury from the calumny of Mr. Belfham-and fuch injuries cannot wait the tardy rediefs of pofthumous reputation. It was therefore, that for a temporary injury I demanded a contemporary reparation. That reparation (as far as relates to the future, which was all that I defired) Mr. Belham has thown his readiness to make: and if this explanation is fubjoined to the yet uncirculated copies of his work, and the hiftorian and his readers can be fatisfied with fuch an explanation, my purpofe is fufficiently answered. Moral and intellectual reputation are the only objects of my anxiety: with refpect to any thing that has occurred upon matters of a more public nature, I have not the lighteft inclination either to vindicate, to apologize, or to explain. I have difmiffed fuch confiderations entirely from my mind; and neither

misrepresentations of the paft, nor interro. getery infinuations concerning the prefent, fhall provoke me to renew the difcuffion. Here, therefore, the fubject might have been permitted to reft, had not Mr. Belfham given an erroneous conftruction to a paragraph in my former letter, to which I feel invfelf called upon to reply. I am fuppofed to have spoken " with fome little degree of perulance of that great ornament of his country and of human nature, the Duke of Bedford." It is neceffa y, therefore, for me to declare, that I had not the leat intention, in any part of that letter, either petulantly or otherwife, to allude to that illuftrious character. It would have been strange, indeed, if I could have fpoken of him as Mr. Belfham has fuppofed me to have fpoken. During my political life, though totally unconnected with that noblemantho' neither enlifted under his banners, nor afsociated with his party, I vindicated his character without courting his patronage; and it appears, that Mr. B. himself was not unacquainted with the independent warmth, with which I afferted the honor of the then representative of the house of Ruffel. It would, therefore, be ftrange, indeed, if, after having fo long withdrawn myself from all parties, and party contentions, and from all the prejudices that attach to them-and if, after fate, alfo, had fo prematurely withdrawn that nobleman from the fphere of his active utilities, I had regarded his manes as the objets of petulant and farcastic reproach. Very different, indeed, are the fenfations with which I have contemplated the lofs, and the memory, of the great patron of British agriculture: and on the melancholy event of his premature diffolution, it was with no small difficulty, that I reftrained myfelf from pouring forth my emotions in public teftimony to the merits of a man, who feems to have closed like a bero a life that had been devoted to virthe. But the world has taught me a port of its bafe leffon. Prudence was to be confulted rather than the honeft emotions of the foul; and before the tear was dropped on the cenotaph of departed virtue, or the laurel was hung upon the mausoleum, it was neceffary to confider whether malevolence might not conftrue it into a tribute of faction; or accuse me of ftill confecrating to party that fcience which I have devoted, impartially,

to ALL MANKIND.

It is my fate, however, not to be permitted to be filent. I muft proclaim my admi ation, or be suspected of malignant

afperfion. The alternative precludes deliberation.

In the mean time, it is neceffary to obferve, that, as far any thing perfonal was intended by the allufion, in my former letter, to the foul-narrowing influence of party patronage, it was not the Duke of Bedford who was prefent to my mind, when the obfervation efcaped my pen. I never knew that the Duke of Bedford was confidered as the particular patron of Mr. Belfham. I never could confider the Duke of Bedford, as capable of patroniling the paragraph that called forth my animadverfions. In this refpect, indeed, it feems, I was not mistaken. I have the teftimony of Mr. Belfham himself, that the illuftrious character in queftion thought, and spoke, of me in a very different point of view from that in which Mr. Belsham, (at a "time when he knew little or nothing about me,") thought himself authorifed, to reprefent me upon the record of his hiftory. It muft, confequently, have been from fome other source of "misinformation or mifrepresentation," that Mr. Belham derived the prejudices," that feduced him into thefeincautions expreffions."

Thus much, Sir, I have thought neceffary to fubjoin in replication to the author of the "Memoirs of George the Third;" not from any defire to prolong a perfonal controverfy (for which, indeed, I have neither time nor inclination)-but that I might remove an injurious misapprehenfion, which, (at least, after fuch fuggeftion) may, perhaps, have extended itself, to other minds. And thus much, indeed, I fhould have rejoined immediately upon the appearance of Mr. Beltham's reply, if indifpenfable engagements, and the laborious duties of my new profeffion, had not denied the requifite leizure. Alnwick, June 26,

1802.

Your's, &c.

J. THELWALL.

For the Monthly Magazine. ACCOUNT of the FRANKFORT EASTER FAIR, 1802.

ROM a fcarcity of money, and a

want of buyers, there was a great ftagnation of trade at this fair. The uncertainty with refpect to their future def tiny, which fill hangs over the fouthern provinces of Germany, could not fail to render many fpeculations abortive, and to keep back the hands of thousands who wifhed to become purchafers. The apprehenfions of the clergy, in the Ecclefiaftical States, were evinced, by the many

fplendid

For the Monthly Magazine.

The interesting REPORT of the COMMITTEE of the HOUSE of COMMONS, on DR. JENNER'S PETITION, respecting bis important DISCOVERY of VACCINE INOCULATION.

TH

THE Committee, to whom the Petition of Edward Jenner, Doctor of Phyfic, was referred, have, pursuant to the Order of the House, examined the Matter thereof; which is divided into Three diftin&t Heads of Inquiry:

The utility of the discovery itself, which is the foundation of the petition : The right of the Petitioner to claim the discovery:

The advantage, in point of medical practice, and pecuniary emolument, which he has derived from it.

Upon the first head a number of witneffes of the highest characters, and moft extensive experience in the profeffion, were examined, whofe names, with the fubftance of their respective evidence (ftrongly coufirmed by their general practice, as well as by that in their own families) appear in the Appendix ; nor was it for want of the teftimony of many other equally refpectable Phyficians and Surgeons, whom the Petitioner was defirous of producing, that many other names are not inferted; but because Your Committee, after having received fo confiderable a body of evidence to the fame purport, and with so little variation in opinion, thought that his cafe could fuftain no injury in being left to reft upen the concurring depofitions of thofe already examined, who had both the moft ample experience of the facts, and the beft means of forming an opinion upon them. The teftimony alfo of fome perfons not prefeffional, has been admitted, who could Ipeak to occurrences that tend to illuftrate particular points connected with the fubject. The refult, as it appears to Your Committee, which may be collected from the oral teftimony of thefe Gentlemen (with the exception of three of them) is, that the dilcovery of Vaccine Inoculation is of the most general utility, inasmuch as it introduces a milder diforder in the place of the inoculated Small Pox, which is not capable of being communicated by contagion; that it does not excite other humours or diforders in the constitution; that it has not been known, in any one in fance, to prove fatal; that the Inoculation may be fafely performed at all times of life (which is known not to be the cafe with regard to the inoculation of the Smallpox) in the earliest infancy, as well as MONTHLY MAG. No. 90.

The written evidence which is inferted in the Appendix (for Your Committee have judged it proper to make a selection from a great mass of what appeared moft important) is more various, but directed to the fame objects: part of it relates to the very extensive and fuccessful practice of this mode of inoculation in every quarter of the globe, the efficacy of which does not feem abated by the cold of the northern, nor the heat of the fouthern and tropical climates; and though there are no means of examining the authors from whence fome of these atteftations come, it would be an act of injuftice to the Peti tioner to exclude thefe important documents, which fhew the confideration in which this difcovery is held, and the benefit with which it has been attended, in fo many other countries, to at least as great an extent as in our own.

As a comparison between this new practice, and the inoculated Small Pox, forms a principal confideration in the prefent inquiry, fome facts with regard to the latter engaged the attention of Your Committee, and they have inferted in the Appendix (No. 44) statements of the mortality occafioned by the small pox in 42 years before inoculation was practised in England, and of the 42 years from 1731 to 1772: the refult of which appears to be an increase of deaths, amounting to 17 in every 1000: the general average giving 72 in every 1000 during the fist 42 years, and 89 in the 42 years ending in 1772, fo as to make the whole excels of deaths in that latter period 1742. The increase of mortality is stated by another witnefs (No. 4) to be as 95 to 70, comparing the concluding 30 years with the firft 30 of the lait century, and the average annual mortality from fmall pox to have been latterly about 2,000; for though individual lives are certainly preferved, and it is true that a fimaller lofs happens in equal numbers who undergo the imali pox now, than there was formerly; yet it must be admitted that the general prevalence of inoculation tends to spread and multiply the difeale itself; of which, though the violence be much abated by the modern mode of treatment, the contagious qua lity remains in full force. It deferves alfo to be noticed, that the deaths under the inoculated fort of small pox, with all B

the