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MR.

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LIFE AND WORKS OF CHARLES DARWIN.

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HARLES DARWIN: His Life Told in an Aut biographical Chapter, and in Selections from his Letters, by his Son, FRANCIS DARWIN, F R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.

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RIOUS CONTRIVANCES BY WHICH ORCHIDS
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL.
CONTENTS OF JANUARY NUMBER:-

can the North Polar Region be Crossed? By Dr. FRIDTJOF NANSEN.
Discussion by Admiral Sir Leopold M'Clintock, Admiral Sir George
Nars, Admiral Sir E. Inglefield, Sir Allen Young; Captain Wiggins,
Captain Wharton, R N With Map and I iagrams.

piration and Character of the Principal New Zealand Glaciers. By A.
P. HARPER Hon. Sec. New Zealand Alpine Society. With Map.
oritenant Ryder's East Greenland Expedition 1891-92. With Map.
yological Effects of High Altitudes By LINTON T. DENT, F.R.CS.
ica Exploration of the Black Sea. By N. ANDRUSOFF.
Diagrains.

Putral

aty-making in Africa. By Captain F. D. LUGARD.

Favum and Lake Moeris.

Great Columbian Atlas

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16.-J. Musgrove, M.D. Origin of Ophthalmic Artery Meningeal.

17.-D Hepburn, MD. Complete Separation of Two Ec Flexor Cruris Muscle

18.-W. Wilber orce Smith, M.D. Delimitation of Regions an 19.-Notices of New Books,

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THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, 1893.

SCIENTIFIC WORTHIES. XXVIII. SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE. ƆME MONTHS ago the British Association for the Advancement of Science was holding its annual ting at Edinburgh under the presidency of Sir ArchiGeikie, F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological rey of the United Kingdom.

may well be said that a more appropriate choice d hardly have been made by the Council of the hed Association. Not only is Sir Archibald a ough Scot, born and educated in Scotland, where lfilled for many years the most important duties as ember of the geological staff, and later as a professor he University of Edinburgh, but, having long been ged in the supervision of the Scottish Survey, he ped with his own hand many hundreds of square s of country, and through the entire scenery of Scotthere is not a single point with the peculiarities of h he did not make himself thoroughly familiar. His vledge of the ground is not at all restricted to geoal relations. In Sir Archibald the qualities of the ogist are combined with those of the enthusiastic r of landscape, and his able pencil excels in drawing inal sketches in which the outlines, peculiar shades, one might say, the general spirit of the scenery are 1 with the most striking accuracy. Obviously, therehe was the right man to be placed at the head of the nburgh meeting, which many prominent foreign inigators attended in the hope of afterwards travelling, as tourists and as men of science, through the most resting fields of the Highlands. Nobody could have 1 better fitted to introduce them to the country. When ing Sir Archibald in the chair at Edinburgh, the sh Association not only did due justice to one of the distinguished sons of "modern Athens," it also the best course to secure from foreign guests the st recognition of the various merits of Scotland. r Archibald Geikie was born at Edinburgh in 1838. learn from a notice in the Mining Journal that he educated at the Royal High School and at the Edinh University. When he was only twenty years old ecame an assistant on the Geological Survey for and, and proved so able that in 1867, when the ush branch of the Survey was made a separate esshment, Sir Roderick Murchison deemed he could o better than confer the directorial powers on the assistant whom he had appreciated at work. Four later, the chair of Geology and Mineralogy at the ersity having been founded by Sir Roderick with a urrent endowment by the Crown, Archibald Geikie nvested with the new professorship, which he resigned at the beginning of 1881, when he was appointed to eed Sir Andrew C. Ramsay as Director-General of Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and ctor of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn

et.

at the new Director had not disappointed the hopes ad excite, appeared with sufficient clearness when,

some time ago, the Queen conferred on him the honour of knighthood. Now it is our duty to note the chief features of his activity, and to state what personal part Sir Archibald Geikie has played in the recent progress of science. It is scarcely necessary to say that his geological achievements are too important to be conveniently reviewed in a few lines. Nevertheless we shall try to give a general idea of the prominent results to which his name must be attached.

Early appointed, as he was, as an officer of Scotland's Survey, he had, from the beginning, to deal with the most puzzling problems involved in the stratigraphy of the Highlands. The case was a very difficult one, and gave rise to much controversy between Sir Roderick Murchison and many other geologists, among whom it will be sufficient to quote the respected name of Nicol. As in the Highlands gneisses and ordinary crystalline schists were seen resting, with apparent conformity, on Silurian strata, it had been admitted by Murchison that the sequence was a normal one. Therefore the crystalline schists had to be regarded, in spite of their Archæan appearance, as metamorphosed Silurian deposits. Such an assumption had a considerable bearing on other geological problems, as it rendered highly probable the theory that the so-called primitive gneisses were altered sediments, and had nothing to do with the early crust of the molten globe.

That Sir Archibald should at first have taken his Director's side is not at all surprising. But he was never quite satisfied; and his love of truth led him, as soon as he was in a position to do so, to undertake a detailed review of the facts. Since the discovery of Silurian fossils in the rocks of N.W. Sutherland, it had been recognized that the key to the structure of the Scottish Highlands was to be searched for in that region. Accordingly, in the years 1883 and 1884, MM. Peach and Horne were entrusted with a careful study of the Durness and Eriboll districts. They were very far from being directed to obtain means of justifying the old survey. "It was a special injunction to the officers" (we quote Geikie's own words) "to divest themselves of any prepossession in favour of published views, and to map the actual facts in entire disregard of theory."

From the work ably carried on by the distinguished surveyors, and verified on the spot by the DirectorGeneral, it appeared clearly that Murchison had been deceived by prodigious terrestrial disturbances, of which, at the time, nobody could have formed an idea. Over immense reversed faults, termed thrust planes by Geikie and his officers, the older rocks on the upthrow side had been, as it were, pushed horizontally forward, covering much younger sediments; and the displacement attained the almost incredible distance of more than ten miles. Sometimes an outlier of the displaced ground was found capping a hill, while the remainder had been swept away by erosion, and the strangeness of the case led the observer to write, "One almost refuses to believe that the little outlier at the summit does not lie normally on the rocks below it, but on a nearly horizontal fault."

Disturbances of that kind had already been noticed in some coal-basins, as, for example, on the southern limit of the French and Belgian coal-field, where similar outliers had been termed by M. Gosselet "lambeaux de

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