a negro with the skull and brain, and consequent mental capacity of the Caucasian, would be a lusus naturæ. But because of an occasional freak of nature, are we to infer that the whole race is capable of the same progress? Some animals can be taught to dance, play cards, cipher, and perform other cu rious tricks; but does such training promote the material, moral and mental progress of the world? and are we to jump to the conclusion that all animals ought to be similarly trained? Would not every intelligent person say that this would be foolish and sinful? Dr. Van Evrie, in a book entitled "Negroes and Negro Slavery," published in New York, 1861, writes as follows:

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'The negro brain is incapable of grasping ideas, or what we call abstract truth, as absolutely so as the white child; indeed, as necessarily incapable of such a thing as seeing without eyes, or hearing without ears. In contact with, and permitted to imitate the white man, he learns to read, to write, to make speeches, to preach, to edit newspapers, etc.; but all this is like that of the boy of ten or twelve, who debates a la Webster, or declaims from Demosthenes. People ignorant of the negro mistake this borrowed for real knowledge, as one ignorant of metals may have a brass watch imposed on him for a gold one. The negro is, therefore, incapable of progress, a single generation being capable of all that millions of generations are; and those populations in Africa isolated from white men are exactly now as they were when the Hebrews escaped from Egypt, and where they must be millions of years hence, if left to themselves. Of course, this is no mere opinion or conjecture of the author. It is a necessity of the negro beinga consequence of the negro structure-a fixed and eternally inseparable result of the mental organism, which without re

creation-another brain-could no more be otherwise than wa ter could run uphill, or a reverse of the law of gravitation in any respect could be possible. But people ignorant of the elementary principles of science, as well as of the nature of the negro, fancy that this is quite possible; that however inferior the organism of the negro in these respects, it is the result of many centuries of savagery and 'slavery,' and therefore, if he were made free,' given the same rights, with the same chances for mental cultivation, that the brain might gradually alter and become like that of the white man! This involves gross impiety, if it were not the offspring of ignorance and folly; for it supposes that chance and human forces are more potent than the Almighty Creator, whose work is thus the sport of circumstances."

Not only the skull and brain, but the whole organization of the negro is different from and inferior to that of the white man, showing plainly that the Creator intended his status to be beneath, separate and distinct from that of the superior race; and hence the folly and sin of putting the two races on an equality in church or state. Being what he is, it is utterly impossible to make the negro, by any amount of education, the equal of the white man. Apart from the influences of the white race, he is forced, by the constitution God has given him, to be a savage or barbarian; and hence the attempts to Christianize and civilize Africa are the fruit of ignorance and the wildest dreams of visionaries, fanatics and enthusiasts. Africa has unsurpassed sources of wealth, which cannot possibly be developed or made available without the compulsory labor of the natives. Living in a land highly favored in many re

spects, and within reach of both ancient and modern civilization, his country is an unknown and uncultivated wilderness; and so it must remain if the world depends on the negro to develop it. In such a country, and with advantages which would have made. the white races great nations, he is, and must remain, without civilization, without literature, art or science, and almost without language; with no code of morals, no manufactures, no commerce, no religion but feticism, and no moral sense, and that because of the necessity of his nature. With the skull. and brain and general structure that God has given him, to educate him in the same way and for the same duties and station in life is a monstrous delusion and an impious attempt to contravene the laws of the Eternal One, and will prove fatal to the negro, not only disqualifying him for and diverting him from occupations in which he might be useful, but undermining his health. The evil in this direction is already perceived, as it affects the negro in the Southern States, in the increase of diseases of the eye (some of which were almost unknown in slavery), caused by unnatural use. There is also a marked increase of insanity, formerly very rare, the result of strained and unnatural exercise of the brain, whilst the knowledge he acquires is sufficient to make him an absurdly imitative coxcomb, increase his capacity for mischief, and consign him to a life of idleness, vagabondage and thievery. Dyspepsia,

unknown among slaves, has now become quite common. Civilized life and the pursuits of the Caucasian, being unnatural, must necessarily impair the negro's constitution.

It is generally believed, though not sufficiently verified, that young negroes advance at school about as rapidly as white children until they reach the age of twelve or fourteen years, when they seem to have attained their full intellectual development. About this age the growth of the negro brain is "arrested by the premature closing of the cranial sutures and lateral pressure of the frontal bone."

What is said above of the negro applies to all the yellow races, but not to the same extent, for they have better heads, and do not so nearly approximate the animal in any respect, and, of course, hold a higher place in creation.

CHAPTER VI.

HAIR.

DIFFERENCES NOTED.-THE NEGRO'S HAIR FELTS.-THE HUMAN HAIR NOT AFFECTED BY CLIMATE.-HAIR, LIKE COLOR, DePENDENT ON RACE AND NOTHING ELSE.

THE hair is not white races are marked by long,

HE hair is another important mark of diversity of races. The

waving or curling hair and flowing beard; the Mongolian and Indian by straight, and the negro by kinky or frizzled hair or wool. Dr. Brown, of Philadelphia, the distinguished microscopist, has thoroughly investigated the hair of the human races, and shown conclusively that the pile of the negro is really wool. He is the best authority on this point, and is, on that account, quoted in the Encyclopædia Britannica. The following extract is a summary of his conclusions:

“There are, on microscopical examination, three prevailing forms of the transverse section of the filament, viz.: The cylindrical, the oval, and the eccentrically elliptical. There are also three directions in which it pierces the epidermis. The straight and lank, the flowing or curled, and the crisped or frizzled differ, respectively, as to the angle which the filament makes with the skin on leaving it. The cylindrical and oval pile have an oblique angle of inclination. The eccentrically elliptic pierces the epidermis at right angles, and lies perpendicularly in the dermis. The hair of the white man is