this theory, the human race has, on the whole, degenerated in all respects, and creation is a failure.

The principal physical differences are in the form and size of the skull, color, hair, and shape and proportions of bones. The chief points in which the negro, the lowest of the human species, differs from the superior races are thus enumerated in the Encyclopædia Britannica, in an article on the negro, written by Professor Keane, of University College, London:

"The chief points in which the negro either approaches the Quadrumana or differs most from his congeners are: 1st, the abnormal length of the arm, which in the erect position sometimes reaches to the knee-pan, and which on an average exceeds that of the Caucasian about two inches; 2d, prognathism, or projection of the jaws (index number of facial angle about 70, as compared with the Caucasian 82); 3d, weight of brain, as indicating cranial capacity, 35 ounces (highest gorilla 20; average European 45); 4th, full black eye, with black iris and yellowish sclerotic coat, a very marked feature; 5th, short, flat, snub nose, deeply depressed at the base or frontal suture, broad at extremity, with dilated nostrils and concave ridge; 6th, thick, protruding lips, plainly showing the inner red surface; 7th, very large zygomatic arches, high and prominent cheekbones; 8th, exceeding thick cranium, enabling the negro to butt with the head and resist blows which would inevitably break any ordinary European skull; 9th, correspondingly weak lower limbs, terminating in a broad, flat foot, with a low instep, divergent and prehensile great toe, and heel projecting backwards ("lark heel"); 10th, complexion deep brown or blackish, and in some cases even distinctly black, due not to any special pigment, as is often supposed, but merely to the greater abundance of coloring matter in the Malpighian mucous membrane, between the inner or true skin and the epi

dermie or scarf skin; 11th, short, black hair, eccentrically elliptical or almost flat in section, and distinctly woolly, not merely frizzly, as Prichard supposed, on insufficient evidence; 12th, thick epidermis, cool, soft and velvety to the touch, mostly hairless, and emitting a peculiar rancid odor compared by Pruner Bey to that of the buck goat; 13th, frame of medium height, thrown somewhat out of the perpendicular by the shape of the pelvis, the spine, the backward projection of the head, and the whole anatomical structure; 14th, the cranial sutures, which close much earlier in the negro than in other races. To this premature ossification of the skull, preventing all further development of the brain, many pathologists have attributed the mental inferiority which is even more marked than their physical differences.

"Nearly all observers admit that the negro child is, on the whole, quite as intelligent as those of other human varieties, but that on arriving at puberty all further progress seems to be arrested."

Prof. Keane omits to mention the remarkable difference in the pelvis of the negro, which is narrower than in the Caucasian, more elongated and more inclined and more nearly approaching the quadrumana. The negro pelvis averages in circumference. only 26 inches, whilst in the white race the average circumference is 33 inches.

There are numerous other differences, some of which may be mentioned. The cartilage at the end of the nose of the white man is divided, or split, as anyone can test by placing a finger on the tip of that organ; but in the negro nose this split does not exist, nor does it exist in mulattoes. The prostate gland in the negro is bilobular, or, to put it in popular terms, it may be said to be divided into two

parts, like the quadrumanous organization. The absence of the "nasal spine" in the negro is another singular difference.

There also seems to be a difference between the blood of the white man and that of the negro, too subtle to be detected by microscopic observation, but proved by experimental test. The skin of the white an inserted in the flesh of the negro becomes black, and the skin of the negro grafted on the white man turns white. Nothing but the blood could produce this change. The pigment which colors the skin is in minute cells, principally in the lower stratum of the epidermis, or the rete malpighi, fixed in the tissue, and filled by secretion from the blood.

The eye of the negro affords a peculiarity of structure strikingly different from that of the white man. It has been long known, and was described by Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright, of Natchez, Mississippi, nearly fifty years ago, in simple, non-technical language. He says:

"If you look into the inner angle of the eye, next to the nose, and slightly elevate the eyelids, you will discover nothing in the white man's eye but a small prominence, or glandular-like substance, and a very small semilunar membrane. The prominence is composed of seven distinct crypts, or sacs, filled with an unctuous fluid, and has seven distinct openings, or orifices. The semilunar membrane is for the purpose of directing the tears into a sac, which lies behind and below the prominence. But if you look into the eye of the negro, in the same manner, you will discover that his eye has an additional

expansion of the above-mentioned membrane, or, in other words, an additional anatomical contrivance, consisting of a membranous wing expanded underneath a portion of the upper eyelid, and that when the eye is exposed to a bright light, the membranous wing covers a considerable portion of the globe of the eye. You will find the same membranous wing still more fully developed in birds, forming a kind of curtain, or third eyelid, called by naturalists the nictitating membrane, evidently to guard their eyes against the dazzling influence of the sun's rays. The master may neglect to provide his slaves with a covering for the head to shield the eyes from the brilliancy of the sun while laboring in the fields, and such neglect would greatly increase the irksomeness of labor under a tropical sun, if God, in his good providence, had not provided them with the above-mentioned contrivance to protect the eyes against the brightness of the solar rays. You have, no doubt, frequently seen slaves throw off their hats as an incumbrance and voluntarily expose themselves bare-headed to the sun, without suffering any inconvenience from the intensity of his light."

Strangers at the South have often been surprised at seeing negroes thus exposing themselves in the sun, and even lying down to sleep under a heat that would prove fatal to a white man, but which their organization makes tolerable and even pleasant. Now that they are free, and, in imitation of the white man and under the tyranny of fashion, negroes carry umbrellas, parasols and veils to shade. them from the sun, thus putting themselves to inconvenience and resisting nature, this membrane will, from non-use, probably disappear from the eyes of negroes in civilized countries.

Dr. Cartwright further says:

"But if anyone should wish to know why the negro can expose his naked skin to a tropical sun without suffering pain or inconvenience; why, after a fever leaves him, rejecting soups, teas and light diet, he eats, through choice and with impunity, a full meal of bacon or pork, voluntarily sits in the sun a few hours, as if to promote its digestion, and the next day performs his usual duties as a field laborer; why he has no revenge for being subjected to the indignity of corporal chastisement; why he feels a perfect contempt for those persons of other races who put themselves on terms of equality and familiarity with him, and why he loves those who exercise a firm, yet discreet, authority over him; why he is turbulent, refractory and discontented under every other government than that which concentrates all the attributes of power in a single individual, and why, when freed from the restraints of arbitrary power, he becomes indolent, vicious and intemperate, and relapses into barbarism—he may find the cause of all these and many more peculiarities of his character, by years of deep researches in the anatomy and physiology of his brain, nerves and vital organs."

The author, when in quest of information, was advised to apply to Dr. Middleton Michel, a prominent physician of Charleston, S. C., and a professor in the South Carolina Medical College, as one who had paid much attention to comparative anatomy. He politely responded, and from his communication the following is extracted:

"In the windpipe, or larynx, we may detect another anatomical development far more frequently than in the white race. The larynx is formed of true and false cartilages. The textural peculiarity of these false cartilages is that they are delicate, pliable, elastic, and never undergo ossification. To this class belong the epiglottis and the cartilages of Santorini and Wrisberg, The so-called cartilages of Wrisberg, cuneiform or