thinks, there is a cessation of development, or a point at which the law ceases to operate at a much earlier period in the negro than in the superior races. But this, of course, is theory about which doctors may differ. What good reason can be assigned why development of the embryonal life should cease at certain points in the negro?

It is the common opinion, though unsupported by facts, that cultivation alters and enlarges the skull, but if that, or any natural cause, can change the prognathous skull of the negro into the oval skull of the white man, the proof is wanting. The skull of the African in the United States, after the lapse of ten generations, is the same in structure and capacity as that of his brother in Africa; and we know that it has remained unchanged for four thousand years or more, although, to some extent, during the whole of this period in contact with civilization and religion. Dr. Nott says that he has looked in vain for twenty years for evidence to prove that cultivation could enlarge a brain, while it expands the mind. He also says:

"The heads of the barbarous races of Europe were precisely the same as those of civilized Europe of our day; this is proven by the disinterred crania of ancient races, and by other facts. Nor do we see around us, among the uneducated, heads inferior in form and size to those of the more privileged classes. Does anyone pretend that the nobility of England, which has been an educated class for centuries, have larger heads or more intelligence than the ignoble? On the contrary, does not most of the talent of England spring up from plebeian ranks? Wher

ever civilization has been brought to a population of the white races, they have accepted it at once; their heads require no development. Where, on the contrary, it has been carried to Negroes, Mongolians and Indians, they have rejected it. Egyptians and Hindoos have small heads, but we know little of the early history of their civilization. Egyptian monuments prove that the early people and language of Egypt were strongly impregnated with Semitic elements. Latham has shown that the Sanskrit language was carried from Europe to India, and probably civilization with it."

Men and women of the same race have always been subjected to similar influences and advantages. Why then should there be a difference in the size of the head and quantity of brains? There can be but one satisfactory answer, and that is, that the Almighty intended them for different duties and responsibilities, and, therefore, gave them different functions and capacities. Were Adam and Eve created equal mentally and physically? Does anyone believe they were created precisely with similar heads?

The negro, and other lower races, by reason of the conformation of their skulls, are naturally incapable of any considerable progress and advancement. They cannot reason or apprehend abstract truth like the white man unless they have his head and brains; these must be reconstructed before they can be the equal of the Caucasian. The human mind manifests itself through the instrumentality of the brain, and its capacity depends on the size of the brain compared with that of the body; but the brain

of the negro being so much inferior in size and of coarser texture, it is impossible that he should have the mental capacity of the Caucasian; his inferiority is the necessary result of his physical and mental organism, and that was the work of God, and man cannot improve or alter it for the better. In average measurement the brain of the white man exceeds that of the negro about ten per cent. An attempt to develop the negro skull into that of the Caucasian is just as idle, not to say absurd and wicked, as would be the educating of apes with a view of developing their skull into those of human beings. Evolutionists imagine that can be done in the lapse of ages; but the philosophic Christian can only look upon it as a foolish conflict with God and nature.

No people are capable of receiving and preserving Christian civilization unless they have a high degree of mental activity and capacity; and to have that, the lower races must be changed in their physical nature, and especially must their brain be enlarged and improved. The brain of the African approximates that of the gorilla more closely than it does that of the Caucasian. It is darker in color than the white man's, different in texture, more dense, and has fewer convolutions, and more like the quadrumana, and can be easily distinguished. Owing to their physical structure, the negro races have neither the power nor the wish to rise above the savage state, and have never done so, except in individual cases

and under outward pressure. Savagery and semibarbarism are their natural state; they are incapable of self-advancement because of their organism. Hence, all attempts to force upon them the education and civilization of the white man are not only unphilosophic, but absurd and detrimental. If the Creator had designed the negro for the education, duties and responsibilities of the white man, He would have given him a similar skull and brain. His whole constitution makes it evident that he was intended for a low and subordinate sphere of life—that of a servant or laborer under the control of a superior; he has never proved himself fit for anything else, and was plainly never intended for anything else. A negro with powers of abstract reasoning and capable of dealing with questions of philosophy and science beyond the average Caucasian has never been known. His head, approaching more nearly that of an animal than that of a Caucasian, his coarse nature, dull sensibility, feeble mind, and want of moral perception, disqualify him for anything but physical labor; and hence to force him into the training and higher pursuits of the white man is to do violence to his nature, impair his vitality, and unfit him for the sphere of life for which Providence intended him. It is as unwise as to attempt to train the ass for the functions of the horse. It is cruelty to the negro, as it is a sinful disregard of the will of God and contempt for His work.

It is true, occasional instances are found amongst negroes of considerable intellectual development, but seldom reaching the average capacity of the Caucasian; but in all such cases the presence of white blood may be suspected. He has been in contact with civilization for several thousand years, but has always been the representative of ignorance, feticism and barbarism, because he has nothing inherent in him to raise him above his natural savagery. He is generally spoken of as a degraded being; but from what state has he been degraded? He was never, in the world's history, superior to what he now is in his native Africa, and never equal to the condition to which he has been raised in the United States. His natural condition of barbarism is not a state of degradation, and he has not the instinct, nor the desire, nor capacity, to rise above it; and to force upon him the "higher education" is treason to the laws of nature. It is impious to intimate that the head his Maker gave him is a degraded head.

His skull and brain are demonstrative proof of his mental and moral inferiority, and the occasional instances of abnormal development do not affect the general proposition of his inferiority. As stated elsewhere, it is impossible, from the formation of the negress, for a child with a large head to be born; but nature sometimes produces abnormal creations, or monstrosities, in defiance of ordinary laws, and