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CONTENTS.
Genius and Character of the Gothic Nations
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER V.
Last Period of the Roman History—Arcadius and Honorius-Theodosius II.—
His Code of Laws-Attila-Progress of the Goths-Gothic Kingdom of
Italy
. 12
CHAPTER VII.
Character of the Gothic Nations after the Conquest of Italy.
BOOK THE SIXTH.
CHAPTER II.
1
26
CHAPTER I.
ARABIA-Ancient Manners and Religion-Rise of Mahomet-His Doctrines-
Conquests-Death-Causes which contributed to the rapid Progress of his
Religion-Conquests of the Successors of Mahomet-Change in the National
Character after the Removal of the Seat of Empire to Bagdad-Learning of
the Arabians 49
36
Uncertainty of the early History of the Franks-Merovingian Period-Mayors
of the Palace-Change in the Dynasty effected by Pepin-Manners and Cus-
toms-Form of Government and Laws of the Franks-Feudal System . 56
CHAPTER III.
Charlemagne-The new Empire of the West-Manners, Government, and
Customs of the Age-Retrospective View of the Affairs of the Church-Arian
and Pelagian Heresies-Origin of Monastic Orders-Pillar-Saints-Auricular
Confession
CHAPTER IV.
Successors of Charlemagne-Their Weakness and Dissensions-Rise of the Feu-
dal Aristocracy-First Incursions of the Normans-Their Settlement in Nor-
mandy-State of the Eastern Empire-Of Italy and the Church-Rise of the
Secular Power of the Popedom-Schism of the Greek and Latin Churches-
The Saracens conquer Spain-Extinction of the Empire of Charlemagne-
Empire of Germany-Otho the Great
On the Government, Laws, and Manners of the Anglo-Saxons
HISTORY OF BRITAIN-Earliest State-Landing of Julius Cæsar-Conquest
by the Romans-Abandonment of Britain on the Gothic Invasion of Italy-
Irruptions of the Picts and Caledonians-Saxon Invasion-Heptarchy-Union
under Egbert-Danish Invasions-Alfred the Great-His Institutions-His
Successors-Norman Conquest
State of Europe during the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Centuries
. 70
CHAPTER IX.
State of Europe in the Thirteenth Century-The Crusades
CHAPTER X.
Effects of the Crusades-Rise of Chivalry and Romance
86
102
CHAPTER VIII.
HISTORY OF ENGLAND during the Eleventh, Twelfth, and part of the Thir-
teenth Centuries:-Reign and Character of William the Conqueror-Dooms-
day Book-William Rufus-Henry I-Stephen-Henry II. (Plantagenet)
Richard Cœur de Lion-King John-MAGNA CHARTA
117
122
131
151
164
CHAPTER XI.
State of the EUROPEAN KINGDOMS towards the End of the Crusades, and in
the Age immediately following:-Constantinople recovered by the Greek Emperors-Sicilian Vespers-Crusade against the Albigenses-Rise of the
House of Austria-Spirit of the Popedom-Persecution of the Knights Tem- 173
plars-Rise of the Helvetic Republics-Council of Constance
vii
CHAPTER XII.
HISTORY OF ENGLAND in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries-Depu-
ties from Burghs first called to Parliament-Edward I.-Conquest of Wales-
Scotland-Obscurity of its early History-Malcolm Canmore-David I.- Alexander III.-Bruce and Baliol competitors for the Crown-Designs of
Edward against Scotland-Sir William Wallace-Battles of Falkirk and Stirling-Death of Wallace-Robert Bruce-Edward II-Battle of Ban- nockburn-Edward III.-Battle of Halidown Hill-Invasion of France-
The Black Prince-Battle of Cressy-of Durham-of Poictiers-Richard II. 184
-Henry IV.
CHAPTER XIII.
ENGLAND and FRANCE in the FIFTEENTH CENTURY:-England under
Henry V.-France under Charles VI.—Battle of Agincourt-Henry V. ac-
quires the Crown of France-Charles VII-Maid of Orleans-France recov-
ered from the English-The Eastern Empire invaded by the Turks-By the
Tartars under Tamerlane-Scanderbeg-Turks under Mahomet the Great
take Constantinople-Greek Empire extinguished-Constitution of Turkey-
France about the end of the Fifteenth Century-Lewis II.-Charles VIII.-
202
CHAPTER XIV.
SPAIN, FRANCE, ITALY, and BRITAIN at the end of the Fifteenth and
beginning of the Sixteenth Century-Ferdinand and Isabella-Extinction of
the Moors in Spain-Lewis XII. of France invades Italy -Pope Alexander
VI.-Julius II.-England-Henry VI-Civil Wars of York and Lancaster-
Margaret of Anjou-Edward IV.—Richard III.-Henry VII.-Union of
217
York and Lancaster-Impostures of Simnel and Warbeck
CHAPTER XV.
SCOTLAND from the Middle of the Fourteenth Century to the End of the Reign
of James V.-David II.-Robert II., first of the House of Stuart-Robert III.,
James I., II., III., and IV.—Marriage of James IV. with Margaret, Daughter.
of Henry VII., founds the hereditary Title of the House of Stuart to the
Throne of England-Battle of Flodden-James V.-Ancient Constitution of
the Scottish Government
230
CHAPTER XVI.
View of the Progress of Literature and Science in Europe
CHAPTER XVII.
View of the Progress of Commerce in Europe before the Portuguese Discove-
ries
CHAPTER XVIII.
Discoveries of the PORTUGUESE in the Fifteenth Century, and their Effect on
the Commerce of Europe.-Madeira discovered-Pope's Bull, granting to the
Portuguese the Countries explored by them-They double the Cape of Good
Hope-De Gama reaches India-Goa taken-Their Objects opposed by the
Venetians-Portuguese sail to China-Establish Macao-Effects on European
Commerce-Rise of Antwerp and Amsterdam-Progress of Commerce and
Manufactures in England
266
CHAPTER XX.
CHAPTER XIX.
Charles V. succeeds to the Throne of Spain-Elected Emperor of Germany-
Contests with Francis I.-Alliance with Henry VIII.-The Constable of
Bourbon takes Francis I. Prisoner-Treaty of Madrid-Henry VIII. takes
part with Francis-Charles defeats the Turks in Hungary--Defeats Barba-
rossa in Africa-Francis allies himself with the Turks-War carried on in
Italy and France-Death of Francis I.-Rise and History of the Order of
Jesuits-Ferdinand of Saxony, Head of the Protestant League-Resignation of
Charles V.-The Constitution of the German Einpire
. 276
243
CHAPTER XXI.
255
Of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, and the Revolution in Den-
mark and Sweden-Reformation in England under Henry VIII. and his
Successors-Immediate causes-Sale of Indulgences-Luther attacks the
abuses of the Romish Church-Zuinglius-Reformed Religion acknowledged
by Decrees of the Senate in Zürich, Berne, and Basle-the Revolution in
Denmark and Sweden-Gustavus Vasa-Anabaptists-Origin of the Name of
Protestant-Calvin-Origin of the Reformation in England-Henry declares
himself Head of the Church-Persecution under Mary-firmly established
under Elizabeth
290
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.-Columbus discovers Cuba-The Caribbees-Amer-
ica-Description of Inhabitants and Productions-Cruelties of the Spaniards-
Conquest of Mexico-Discovery of Peru-Administration of the Spaniards-
Possessions of other European Nations in America .
304