also the right of voting, and the right of holding office in the state.' But in the case of communities there was generally a preliminary stage in which only the jus Latii (which meant commercium without connubium) was granted. [162] Singular : For 'single.' The word is not thus used by Shakespeare; but Nares quotes from Holinshed, they agreed to fight singularly, man by man.' [165] Roman: The Roman colony was not a matter of private adventure, but an undertaking of the State; and the government of each colony was modelled on that of Rome. But in so far as they were intended to drain off the surplus population of the city, or to provide homes for the soldiery (the main objects of Roman colonization after the time of the Gracchi), Roman colonies were often expensive failures. Cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 27. 31. [171] Contain: Keep together, see Essay iii. 1. 2; Lat. 'frænare,' bridle. Cf. continents, used of the banks that keep in or restrain rivers, Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1. 92. [178] Highest commands: See Mr. Spedding's note in Works, vol. i. p. 797: 'Bourbon, Prosper Colonna, Pescara, Egmont, Castaldo, Parma, Piccolomini, Spinola. Of these, however, one or two might almost be called Spaniards; and it must be remembered that the dominions both of Charles V. and his succes sors extended beyond the natural limits of the Spanish monarchy.' [180] Pragmatical sanction: Works, vol. i. p. 798, note: 'Soon after the accession of Philip the Fourth, a royal decree on Pragmatica was published' (some time in the summer of 1622 A.D.) 'which gave certain privileges to persons who married, and further immunities to those who had six children.' On the causes of the decline of Spain, see Lecky's History of Rationalism, ii. 326–331. [180] Now: Lat. 'hoc anno,' i.e. 1622 A.D., the year in which the De Augmentis (embodying this Essay) was published. [188] Advantage: Perhaps we need not understand Bacon as approving of slavery; he merely expresses his opinion that it was favourable to 'true greatness,' i.e. military power. He takes no account here of such indirect disadvantages of slavery as arise from the demoralisation of a nation. Compare Arist. Pol. Book i., passim. [190] Rid: Get rid of; cf. Richard II., v. 4. II.

P. 108. [195] Contain: Restrain. See above, 1. 171. [205] Romulus: North's Plutarch, p. 29. 'Sent a present' is, in the Latin, legavit, 'bequeathed;' viz. the advice that they should intend arms. [210] Scope: Here, as in Greek, 'object.' [211] Flash: 'Moment,' Lat. 'sed non tam constans aut diuturnum.' Compare

'This action is not a flash, but a solid, settled pursuit,' Life. iv. 212. [213] Declination: It is characteristic of Bacon's sanguine nature, and also of his contempt for empire founded on mere savage force, that, writing but a few years after the time when the Turks had carried their terror to Vienna, he says, Works, vii. 24, 'There cannot but ensue a dissolution in the State of the Turk; whereof the time seemeth to approach.' [216] Stood upon : Insisted upon. To insist means stand on. [218] Directly: Straightforwardly, as an avowed object. [220] Continue: There seems a fallacy here. Many States may have perished prematurely through 'professing arms;' two or three may have prospered, not because of, but in spite of, that profession, or at all events in consequence of other

causes.

P. 109. [229] Pretended : Such as may be 'put forward as pretexts.' As is perhaps used for the Relative Pronoun, as the subject of 'may be pretended.' The Lat. has 'aut saltim pretextus,' ' or at all events pretexts.' In 1. 239 pretend to means 'claim.' [233] Turk: Cf. 'Mahomet's sword,' mentioned in Essay iii. 1. 116. [234] Quarrel : Ground, cause. See Essay viii. 1. 54. [241] Politic : Lat. 'publicis.' public; 'ministers of the State.' [242] Prest : Ready. Compare Merchant of Venice, i. 1. 160, 'Then do but say to me what I should do. And I am prest unto it.' [250] Tacit conformity: The Lat. is 'propter statuum conformitatem quandam aut correspondentiam tacitam,' 'on account of a sort of conformity of States, or tacit correspondence.' From the context it would appear that two distinct objects are meant-1st, the formation of an avowed party in a foreign State, such as the Romanising party in Greece: 2nd, the establishment of some form of government, e.g. oligarchy, not avowedly, but tacitly, conformable to foreign influence.

P. 110. [261] Exercise: So, in his speech For General Naturalisation, in 1606, 'What is the worst effect that can follow of surcharge of people? Look into all stories, and you shall find it none other than some honourable war, . . . which inconvenience, in a valorous and warlike nation, I know not whether I should term an inconvenience or no.' Life, vol. iii. p. 313. In the same spirit, Æschylus, in the Eumenides; says: 'Let there be foreign war, and that in plenty.' Machiavelli, Discourses, i. 6, says: 'So on the other side it happens, when the stars are so benign to a Commonwealth as to place it in peace without any occasion of war, that

peace begets idleness, and idleness effeminacy or faction, which two things (and indeed either of them alone) will be sufficient to subvert it.' In the Advice to the Earl of Rutland on his Travels (which Mr. Spedding, with great probability, attributes to Bacon) Life, ii. p. 12, Bacon says: 'If it seem strange that I account no state flourishing but that which hath neither civil wars nor too long peace, I answer that politic bodies are like our natural bodies, and must as well have some exercise to spend their humours as to be kept from too violent or continual outrages, which spend their best spirits.' [262] Fever: Cf. Works, vi. 89, 'When the King was advertised of this new insurrection (being almost a fever that took him every year).' [267] Still: Always. [270] The Law: Lat. 'arbitrium rerum ;' 'the power of arbitrating,' the supremacy. [274] Abridgment: i.e. A monarchy in miniature.' Lat. 'epitome.' [275] Cicero: Letters to Atticus, x. 8. 4, loosely quoted, 'Pompey's plan is quite Themistoclean; for he thinks that the mastery of the sea means the mastery of the war.' [281] Actium: Gained by Augustus over Antony, B.C. 31. [282] Lepanto: Fought A.D. 1571, 'which hath put a hook into the nostrils of the Ottomans to this day,' Works, vii. p. 19. [285] Rest: I have found no exact explanation of the noun 'rest,' which sometimes seems used for a 'hand at primero,' sometimes for a 'stake.' But to set up one's rest' was a common expression for 'standing' upon one's cards. Hence it means 'taking one's chance,' 'risking everything.' [293] Merely: entirely; see Essay iii. 1. 70.

P. III. [305] Trophies: Trophies were erected on the field of battle, commonly by the Greeks, rarely by the Romans. [307] Personal: Lat. singulis concessæ,' i.e. 'granted to single persons.' Crowns were given by the Romans to soldiers that saved the lives of fellow-soldiers, or first mounted the wall of a besieged town, or the rampart of a camp. [308] Emperor: It was usual for the Roman soldiers after a victory to salute their general with the title of 'imperator' or 'Emperor,' and Bacon seems to be referring to this custom. [312] That of the Triumph: Lat. mos ille triumphandi, 'that custom of the triumph.' Perhaps some word like custom may have dropped out. Triumph refers to the triumphal procession of the victorious general. [313] Gaudery: 'Finery,' used in bad sense, see Nares; from Lat. gaudere, 'to rejoice.' [316] Donatives: The word donativum

was regularly used (Tac. Hist. iv. 19; Suet. Nero, 7) of special donations made by the emperors to the soldiers. Hence it would appear that in Essay xix. 1. 163, Bacon objects to habitual, not to special 'donatives.' [327] Model: Plan. See Essay iii. 1. 75. The 'little model' is antithetical to the 'great frame;' and ' model' here means a plan or frame on a small scale. The 'of' is appositional, as in the 'name of George;' so the meaning is 'man's body, which is a model, or miniature plan, of a great state.'

XXX

Of Regiment of Health

Ll. 13-20; 22-30 are not found in the Edition of 1612.

The Antitheta are as follows:

[The best physic is the observation of what harms, and, still more, of what benefits one's health, and a gradual change of habits to suit the changes of age, 1-20. Pursue pleasure, but in moderation; use physic, but rarely; trusting rather to diet, 20-36. Cherish nature, but so as to strengthen, not weaken it, 37-49. Choose a physician that knows his art, but also knows your constitution and nature, 49-58.]

P. 1. [8] Owing: I should explain this word, not as in Sh. Grammar, 372, but as an abridgment of 'in-owing,' like 'a building; and in the same way, All's Well, i. 3. 107.

P. 2. [12] State: Machiavelli, Discourses i. 26, has a section with the title 'A new Prince in a new conquest is to make everything new.' [19] Particularly: i.e. In thy particular; for thee individually. [22] Of long lasting: Lat. 'Ad prolongandam vitam,' 'for prolonging life.' [34] Diet: Bacon was of feeble constitution, often medicining and dieting himself. See, as one instance, Life, vii. 213, That which I fear most is lest continual attendance and business, together with these cares and want of time to do my weak body right this spring by diet and physic, will cast me down.' Cf. Two Gentlemen of Verona, ii. 1-25. [38] Of; About.

P. 3. [41] Tendering: 'Tender' is not only 'to offer,' but also to 'regard with kindness'; and it seems here used for 'careful nursing.' Cf. Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 4. 145. [41] Celsus : A writer on medicine, supposed to have lived under Augustus or Tiberius. [49] Masteries: 'Taught to gain the mastery over disease.' The Lat. has 'robur acquiret,' 'will acquire strength.' In Chaucer's Prologue, 1. 165, the word is used for 'excellence,' from 'the French phrase pour la maistrie, which in old medical books is applied to such medicines as we usually call sovereign, excellent above all others,' Tyrwhitt.

XXXI

Of Suspicion

The Antitheta are as follows:

FOR.

AGAINST.

discharge.

1. Distrust makes the sinews of 1. Suspicion gives honour its Prudence; but suspicion is

a medicine for the joints.

2. The man whose faith can be shaken by suspicion, may

be deservedly suspected.

3. Suspicion loosens weak faith,

but strengthens strong faith.

2. Immoderate suspicion is a kind

of civil madness.1

1 A 'Civil shrift' means a 'non-clerical shrift,' Essay xxvii. I. 39; and so a 'civil madness' means a 'non-medical madness.'