10 min. south latitude, in 106 deg. 54 min. west longitude. After wintering at the Society Islands, Cook made some valuable surveys of the Pacific, between Easter Island and the New Hebrides, discovering and naming New Caledonia, etc. He returned to England, by the Cape of Good Hope, July 30th, 1775, being absent something over three years. In 1776, he volunteered to conduct an expedition to discover a northwest passage to Asia, which he proposed to attempt, by way of Behring Strait. Before sailing north, he spent some time in voyaging among the islands of the Pacific, discovering (it was supposed) the Sandwich Islands, in 1778. Sailing north, along the coast of North America, determining the most westerly portion of that country, and its distance from Asia, he reached Icy Cape, August 17th, 1778, where his further passage was barred by the ice. Returning to Sandwich Islands to winter, with the view of renewing the expedition when the weather permitted, he discovered the islands of Hawaii and Maui, of the Sandwich group. Having lost one of his small boats in one of the inlets of Hawaii, stolen by the natives, he landed, with a lieutenant and nine men, to recapture it—or one of the chiefs, as hostage for its return; a fight ensued, and Cook, with several of his men, were killed, their bones being recovered a week afterwards. That Cook, and the men killed with him, were devoured by the natives, is uncertain.

CAVENDISH, SIR THOMAS.-Born in Suffolk, England, in 1560; died at sea in 1592. His first voyage was to Virginia, in 1586; his second, was with three vessels, passing the Straits of Magellan in 1587, spending some time in surveys of the coast of South

America; although the expedition was of piratical and buccaneering tendencies, in which line they made quite a success, capturing several valuable Spanish vessels and burning and sacking the towns of Acapulco, Payta, etc. Cavendish then sailed across the Pacific to the Ladrone Islands, through the Indian Archipelago and Strait of Java, around the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England September 9th, 1588, being the third, to circumnavigate the globe; was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and started on another voyage in 1591, which he failed to carry out on account of sickness, mutinous crews, and finally his death, on the homeward passage.

DAMPIER, WILLIAM.-Born in England in 1652; date of death uncertain. Sailor, soldier, author, pilot and buccaneer. Crossed the Isthmus of Darien in 1679, with a party of pirates, capturing several towns, pillaging and laying them in ruins; captured several Spanish vessels also, with which they sailed along the South American coast, robbing and destroying many seaport towns. In 1684 he accompanied Captain John Cook on a piratical expedition, along the coast of Chili, Peru and Mexico; afterwards crossed the Pacific Ocean, cruising among the islands of the Indian Archipelago, arriving in England in 1691; published a book, his "Voyage Around the World." In 1699, sailed from England in command of sloop of war, on a voyage of discovery in the South Seas, exploring the western coast of Australia, the coast of New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland and the Molluccas. On returning, was wrecked off the island of Ascension, reaching England in 1701. Followed the sea up to 1711. He published also "A Treatise on

Winds and Tides," and a vindication of his voyage to the South Sea, in the ship St. George, in 1707.

DANA, JAMES DWIGHT.-Born in Utica, N. Y., February 12th, 1813. An American mineralogist and geologist, and author, of great ability. In December, 1836, was appointed mineralogist and geologist to the American Exploring Expedition to the Southern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, under Commodore Wilkes, sailing in 1838, and returning in 1842. His researches into the island formations of the South Sea, the shells, the coral, the volcanic formations, etc., show erudition and patient research, with practical observing powers seldom surpassed. His works and contributions to science have been valuable and voluminous, being accepted authority in all parts of the civilized world.

DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT.-Born in Shrewsbury, England, February 12th, 1809; sailed with Captain Fitzroy, in the Beagle, in his voyage around the world, as naturalist, in 1831, returning in 1836. During this voyage, Darwin examined the greater part of the South American coast; many of the Pacific islands; New Zealand and Australia being visited and examined, as well as Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean. An account of the voyage was published in 1839, Darwin contributing materially to the scientific value of the work. His works on coral reefs, volcanic islands, geology, zoology, with many other contributions to the cause of science, were followed by his "Descent of Man," and "Selection in Relation to Sex," which have probably given him his greatest celebrity, or notoriety.

DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS.-Born in England, in 1545; (by some authorities, in 1539;) and died at sea, near Puerto Bello, December 27th, 1595. His first expedition of any moment, was with Sir John Hawkins, in naval engagements, along the Atlantic seaboard, and in the Gulf of Mexico, with the Spaniards. While in Central America, like the greater and better man, Balboa, he saw the waters of the majestic Pacific, from one of the mountain peaks of the isthmus, resolving to make the mighty sea the scene of his future exploits. Receiving a roving commission from Elizabeth, in 1577, he sailed through the Magellan Straits, pillaging a portion of the coasts of Chile and Peru; sailing for North America, arriving at California, at Drake's Bay (now known to be a point, somewhat different from the Bay of San Francisco), where he took possession of California, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, in 1577. Having made some valuable captures from the Spaniards, and fearing to return as he came, he attempted the northeast passage to the Atlantic, but was driven back by the cold weather and impassable fields of ice. Sailing south, by Japan, the Phillippines, and through the Mollucca Islands, and across the Indian Ocean, he rounded the African cape, reaching England on the 3d of November, 1580-the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. His success met with speedy recognition by the Queen; leading, finally, after many naval adventures on the Atlantic, to his appointment as Vice-Admiral, under Lord Howard. It has been supposed, that Drake was the discoverer of California, as well as the Bay of San Francisco. Where he landed, was Point Reyes-latitude, 37 deg. 59 min. 5 sec. north. Cabrillo is also credited with the discovery, about 1542; he locating and naming

Mexico in 1606, while the latter continued his voyage In his voyage

of discovery, to the north and west. north, Torres discovered the straits that bear his name, and skirted the coast of New Guinea for eight hundred leagues.

Quiros still had a desire to discover and see the unknown land (Australia), and made another trip to Spain, to enlist royal favor in a new expedition. Failing in this, he returned to Panama, where his life passed away in futile efforts to accomplish dreams of new dis coveries and conquests in the South Sea. The last of that coterie of daring soldiers and navigators of the sixteenth century, his life ebbed away within sight and sound of the surf waves of the Pacific. The memoirs of Quiros, addressed to Philip III, published in Seville in 1610, clearly depict the type of men, who gave Spain her former wealth and glory in the New World.

ROGERS, WOODS.-English navigator; in the Royal Navy in 1708, and sailed in command on a voyage around the world, from Cork Harbor, September 1st, 1708. After rounding Cape Horn, Rogers sighted, and made a landing at, the island of Juan Fernandez, January 31st, 1709. Captain Rogers relates: Our yawl, which we had sent ashore, did not return as soon as we expected; so we sent our pinnace (armed) to see the occasion of her stay. The pinnace returned immediately from the shore, and brought abundance of craw-fish, with a man clothed in goat-skins, who looked more wild than the first owners of them. He had been on the island four years and four months; his name was Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, who had been master of the Cinque Ports Galley, a ship