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Here the word motion may be called the echoing word, which ought always to be pronounced as if marked with a note of admiration; that is, with the rising inflexion in a high tone of voice, and a long pause after it, when it implies any degree of passion, as in this example; but when it is merely narrative or didactic, as in the following passage:

Tully was the first who observed, that friendship improves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of our joy and dividing of our grief: a thought in which he hath been followed by all the essayers upon friendship that have written since his time. Spectator, N° 68.

Here the word thought ought to have the rising inflexion, and a pause after it, but must not be in the high tone which the word motion in the former example required, as it is plain sedate reasoning, and totally devoid of passion, But in a speech of Mr. Pitt, before he was Lord Chatham, we find the echoing word require the same inflexion and pause as in the last example, but accompanied with the high impassioned tone heard in the first:

I cannot say, Sir, which of these motives influence the advocates of the bill before us; a bill in which such cruelties are proposed as are yet unknown amongst the most savage nations; such as slavery has not yet borne or tyranny invented; such as cannot be heard without resentment, nor thought without horror.' Chandler's Debates, 1740.

But the most beautiful example of this figure, in our, or perhaps in any other language, is that we meet with in Hannah More's Strictures on Female Education. Speaking on dissipation and the modern habits of life, and particularly on the spirit of gaming, she says,

With "mysterious reverence" I forbear to descant on those serious and interesting rites, for the more august and solemn celebration of which Fashion nightly convenes these splendid myriads to her more sumptuous temples. Rites! which, when engaged in with due devotion, absorb the whole soul, and call every passion into exercise, except those indeed of love and peace, and kindness and gentleness. Inspiring rites! which stimulate fear, rouse hope, kindle zeal, quicken dulness, sharpen discernment, exercise memory, inflame curiosity! Rites! in short, in the due performance of which, all the energies and attentions, all the powers and abilities, all the abstraction and exertion, all the diligence and devotedness, all the sacrifice of time, all the contempt of ease, all the neglect of sleep, all the oblivion of care, all the risks of fortune (half of which, if directed to their true objects, would change the very face of the world), all these are concentrated to one point: a point! in which the wise and the weak, the learned and the ignorant, the fair and the frightful, the sprightly and the dull, the rich and the poor, the patrician and plebeian meet in one common uniform equality: an equality! as religiously respected in these solemnities, in which all distinctions are levelled at a blow, and of which the very spirit is therefore democratical, as it is combated in all other instances.

This passage is at once a brilliant example of the echo and the series; and one hardly knows which to admire most, the beautiful structure of the sentences, the varied and animated imagery of the thought, or the philosophical justness of the moral sentiment.

In pronouncing this beautiful passage, the word Rites must become more emphatical with the rising inflexion every time it is repeated, and the pauses after it longer. The words point and equality ought to have the same pause and inflexion, and the several serieses to be pronounced according to the rules under that head, page 113.

Cicero pleading before Cæsar for king Dejo

tarus, says,

What shall I say of his courage, what of his magnanimity, his gravity, his firmness? Qualities! which all the wise and

learned allow to be the greatest, and some the only blessings of life, and which enable virtue not only to enjoy comfort but happiness.

Again, pleading for the same client, he

says,

The man then who was not only pardoned but distinguished by you with the highest honours, is charged with an intention to kill you in his own house. An intention, of which, unless you imagine that he is utterly deprived of reason, you cannot suspect him.

Here the words qualities and intention require the rising inflexion, with a long pause after them, accompanied with a considerable degree of admiration and surprise.

The same pause, inflexion of voice, surprise, and admiration, must accompany the word laws, in the following passage in his first oration against Anthony.

By the dead are the banished recalled. By the dead are the privileges of Rome bestowed, not on private persons only, but upon whole nations and provinces. By the dead members of corporations have their tribute remitted. We therefore confirm whatever, upon a single but unquestionable evidence, has been produced from this house; and shall we think of ratifying the acts of Cæsar, yet abolish his laws? Those laws which he himself, in our sight, repeated, pronounced, enacted? Laws which he valued himself upon passing? Laws in which he thought the system of our government was comprehended? Laws which concern our provinces and our trials? Are we, I say, to repeat such laws, yet ratify his acts? Yet may we at least complain of those which are only proposed; as to those which we pass we are deprived even of the liberty. to complain.

In pronouncing this passage, it ought to be observed, that the echoing word laws ought to be pronounced with increasing force upon every repetition, which will give it a climax of importance, and greatly add to the variety of it.

This mode of pronunciation will be more pecu liarly proper upon the same word in another passage in his oration against Piso.

During all this time, who ever heard you, I will not say act or remonstrate, but so much as speak or complain? Can you imagine yourself to have been a consul, when, under your government, the man who had saved his country, who had saved the majesty of the senate,-when the man who had led in triumph into Italy, at three several times, the inhabitants of every quarter of the world, declared that he could not safely appear in public? Were you consuls at the time, when, as soon as you began to open your mouths upon any affair, or to make any motion in the senate, the whole assembly cried out, and gave you to understand, that you were not to proceed to business before you had put the question for my return; when, though fettered by the convention you had made, you yet told them, that you wished, with all your heart, that you were not bound up by law? A law, which did not appear to be binding upon private subjects; a law, branded upon this constitution by the hands of slaves, engraved by violence, imposed by ruffians; while the senate was abolished, all our patriots driven out of the Forum; the republic in captivity; a law, contradictory to all other laws, and passed without any of the usual forms. The consuls who could pretend they were afraid of such a law as this, were ignorant of the laws, the institutions and the rights, of that very state in which they pretended to a share of the government.

Antecedent.

PRONOUNS that are antecedents to some relative are often pronounced without accent, and by that means render the sense of the sentence feeble and indistinct. The antecedent and the relative are correspondent words which ought to be distinctly, though not emphatically, marked, in order to show the precise meaning of a sentence. When pronouns are not antecedent to a relative, they are often pronounced without accent; and, as the words they refer to are suffi

ciently understood, this unaccented pronunciation produces no obscurity. Thus in the following sentence:

He cannot exalt his thoughts to any thing great or noble, because he only believes that, after a short turn on the stage of this world, he is to sink into oblivion, and to lose his consciousness for ever.

Here the person spoken of is supposed to be understood, and there is no necessity of laying even accentual stress on the word he: but in the following sentence:

He cannot exalt his thoughts to any thing great or noble, who only believes that, after a short turn on the stage of this world, he is to sink into oblivion, and lose his consciousness for ever.

Here we find that pronoun he the antecedent to the relative who, and perceive the necessity of giving it an accent, and making a considerable pause after it.

When the relative immediately follows the antecedent, the antecedent requires an accent and pause after it in the same manner.

He, that pursues fame with just claims, trusts his happiness to the winds; but he that endeavours after it by false merit, has to fear, not only the violence of the storm, but the leaks of his vessel. Johnson.

This passage will want much of its force and precision, if we do not lay an accent on the pronoun he, and make a sensible pause after it.

The same may be observed of the following

sentence.

He, that is loudly praised, will be clamorously censured; he, that rises hastily into fame, will be in danger of sinking suddenly into oblivion.

Ibid.

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