like the nation to which Nimrod belonged, as being Hamitic. The Philistines, Amorites and Sidonians are also described as Cushites, for they were children of Canaan. These-possibly in alliancemust practically have occupied the whole Peninsula of Sinai. About the time when this paper was to be read, the Chairman was studying certain of the temple-accounts of Lagas-the province ruled over by the renowned viceroy Gudea-and was then reminded of the two Semitic-speaking Hamitic races, the Amorites and the Sabæans. The former occurs in the Amherst Tablets published under the number 80, and is written E, Mar-tu-sal, the Sumerian equivalent of the Akkadian Amurritu, "Amorite woman." The reference to the Sabæans, however, is apparently still more satisfactory, as the name is spelled out in full, and appears in the plural «II È, sal Sa-bu-um (ki)-me, read simply, apparently, as sal Sabume, "Sabæan women." Did these foreigners-and probably others come from the west or from the south-from the land of the Amorites, or from the district of Punt ? The food for the Amorites seems to have been taken by ship, and therefore may have come from the south the Persian Gulf. In any case, it is probably not too venturesome to suppose that travellers and merchants went to and from the western land of the Amorites and the Arabian region, and possibly to Punt, through Babylonia, finding settlements of their countrymen and countrywomen on the way. It is to be noted that the renowned hero and traveller, Gilgameš of Erech, visited a SabituTM-in all probability a Sabæan woman—when on the way to find the Babylonian Noah, Ut-napištim, and received from her instructions as to the road he was to take. The name of this Sabæan woman or goddess is given as Siduri, and she dwelt on the throne of the sea that is, of the Persian Gulf and the islands of Bahrein-the very place where Professor Naville locates a portion of Punt and the land occupied by their Hamite kindred.

Another point is that of the gold, and the probability that copper was comparable in appearance and value with it. The lavish use of "gold" by the Babylonian kings in their temple-decorations, as related in their inscriptions, seems improbable, and Professor Naville's suggestion offers a possible solution of the difficulty. One of the most interesting inscriptions bearing upon this question is that

printed in the Cuneiform Inscriptions of W. Asia, vol. ii, pl. 51, No. 1. We there learn that Sarpat was the land of silver, Arali and Gab-ua lands of gold, and Harha and Mas-gungunnu lands of lead. But to this is added, lower down, that Meluhha (Sinai and Meroë) was the land of the sâmtu-stone-probably some form of red copper oreand Magan, the land of copper, is mentioned on the same line with it. The general opinion with regard to this last is that it was some part of the district of the Persian Gulf and the Peninsula of Sinai. Everything therefore tends to confirm Professor Naville's reasoned conclusions:

"I am sure that when the time comes, you will all agree that this is an important and valuable paper, and will accord it a really hearty vote of thanks."

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Mr. THEODORE ROBERTS inquired of the Chairman if there was any connection between the Latin name Punic" and Punt." It was interesting, as the lecturer had pointed out, that the descendants of Ham occupy a larger space in Gen. x than the descendants of the other two sons of Noah, which showed they were the most prolific, as indeed was the negro or black race of to-day as compared with the white. It seemed now clear from recent archæological investigations that it was the race of Ham that in both Egypt and Mesopotamia was the first to exercise sovereign power, as the Genesis record indicated, which disproved the Higher Critics' theory that Genesis was put together during the Babylonian exile. All the time of this sovereignty of Ham's posterity, Noah's prophecy that it should be servant of servants remained unfulfilled, but had since been proved to be a true prediction.

The lecturer's view that Cush was not Ethiopia was interesting in connection with the prophecy of Isa. xviii of the restoration of Israel, of which Mr. Roberts could not help thinking that the Balfour note was the beginning of fulfilment, for he knew of no other country which must of necessity send its ambassadors by the sea than this island of Great Britain.

He pointed out that, even in the New Testament, Peter twice mentioned silver before gold (Acts iii, 6; 1 Pet. i, 18), no doubt from his being a Jew influenced by the Old Testament. We had explained this priority of silver to gold by its typical meaning

of the redemption price, while gold indicated the divine nature. He was sure that we should gain much from studying the paper with our Bibles.

Mr. WILLIAM C. EDWARDS said: It is much to be regretted that this interesting and instructive paper did not arrive in time to be printed as usual for this Meeting, because one might have had time to look up the authorities quoted, especially Herodotus and Strabo.

Herodotus seems a very reliable man when he writes regarding what he saw with his own eyes, but when he quotes-almost verbatim-what he was told, then one must beware, for they are "tales of the marines." Many of these tales were told for the express purpose of frightening him from going to these places and keeping the secret of the gold and spices rare and precious. He tried hard, and in vain, to find a man who had been to the seas west of Spain, and that shows his earnest quest for knowledge.

Herodotus believed in the close connection between Greece and Egypt. He writes that all the gods of Greece, except a few, came from Egypt.

Now, with regard to the immigrations of the Hamites, what I cannot understand is the curious way some theorists seem to have of saying "this way or nothing." I am prepared to believe that the Hamites came as described in the paper, but in other ways as well.

As regards Egypt, I believe that the first great and main stream came as Abraham did, via Damascus down through Palestine and settled on the Nile. Other streams of people came coastwise down the Persian Gulf and through the Gulf of Aden. I suggest that a close study of the various caravan routes may show almost the original lines of these land immigrations.

When later streams came to Egypt they found a lot of low-type people in possession, and, conquering them, became their rulers.

The same thing happened in Greece and India, but in Egypt it was specially true that the Sons of Ham became the servants of servants-the slaves of slaves.

Now, it is a mistake to regard Arabia as entirely barren. Even in the Sinaitic peninsula there are signs, and not a few, that once the country had a plentiful supply of rain.

I remember some years ago, when on a P. & O. steamer, being introduced to the Sultan of Lahej, and discussing this very point. He assured me through his secretary that all they wanted was assistance to store up the plentiful rains that they received during the rainy seasons. His Highness wanted me to visit his country and settle there for that very purpose of helping make pools like those called Solomon's at Aden.

I remember having read in Marco Polo that in the part of Arabia producing the best spices the Soldan had the monopoly of white incense that he compelled people to sell to him at £10 (livres) per hundredweight, and resold to the merchant exporters at £60.

In many of these matters we are often dealing only with conjectures and traditions.

There is one certain document that tells us about the races, their origin and distribution, and that is the Bible. A few verses in Gen. x give us more absolutely reliable information about these ancient things than all the other writers of antiquity put together.

Again, Ezek. xxvii is full of information about the trade and traders of those distant ages. In Ezek. xxvii two different Hebraic words are translated by the same English word "merchant."* In I Kings x, 15, one of these words is translated "spice merchant," and refers to a country of Arabia, but the translation of the country is in dispute. The two words are rakal and cachar, and my Jewish friends do not seem able to help me to understand the exact difference. The dictionaries tell us that rakal is a prime root for travelling for trade, whilst cachar may be something of a pedlar. I suggest that perchance the first is a merchant doing business by ships, and the other refers to caravan dealers.

Let us hope that one day Arabia will become better known, and then many puzzles may be solved, and when they are, I am sure that light will be thrown upon Holy Scripture, and its absolute accuracy again become more and more demonstrated.

*To me it is an interesting and suggestive fact, that whilst the Hebrew word translated (Ezek. xvii, 4) "merchant" is Rakal, and in Isa. xxiii, 8, Sachar, the word in Isa. xxiii, 11, is Kencan (thus also in Hos. xii, 7, and Zeph. i, 11), and Kenaani in Job xli, 6, and Prov. xxxi, 24. Was Canaan the "father" of merchants?

679TH ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING,

HELD IN COMMITTEE ROOM B, THE CENTRAL HALL, WESTMINSTER, S.W. 1, ON MONDAY, MAY 18TH, 1925, AT 4.30 P.M.

THE REV. CHARLES GARDNER, M.A., IN THE CHAIR.

The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read, confirmed and signed, and the HON. SECRETARY announced the election, as Associate, of W. Herbert Phillipps, Esq., Knight of the Order of Leopold; also, on behalf of the Council, to their great regret, the death of Mr. William Dale, a Member of the Council, who has read papers before the Institute, and taken part with acceptance in our discussions.

The CHAIRMAN then called on Professor H. Wildon Carr, D.Litt., to read his paper.

A REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHIC TENDENCIES
SINCE HEGEL.

By PROFESSOR H. WILDON CARR, D.Litt.

EGEL died in 1831, after one day's illness, a victim of the first European cholera epidemic. He was in his sixtysecond year and at the height of his intellectual achievement. In the years immediately following his death his fame as a philosopher and the influence of his philosophy spread throughout the intellectual world. During his active working years his influence had been largely confined to the class-room, and the works published by himself in his lifetime were too severe in form to appeal to any but the expert. These were, besides some early critical works, the Phänomenologie des Geistes, the Encyclopaedie der Wissenschaften philosophischen and the Grundlinien der Rechtsphilosophie. They constitute, the Hegelian system, but they all retained the form of rigorously logical treatises, and, except the first, were practically the text-books which served him as the matter for his discourses to his students. After his death his pupils and friends, among them his two sons, at once combined to issue a complete collected edition of his works.