Africa, the playgrounds and clubs that he established for the workers, the princely gifts of a great adventurer. The edge of From Bulawayo we went, still by rail, 280 miles to the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. The great leap of the Zambesi is one of the wonders of the world. the falls is 6,000 feet long, the drop is 400 feet. an edge 2,500 feet long and a height of only 160 feet. We were there at the close of an unusually wet season, therefore the volume of water pouring over the brink was stupendous— about 120,000,000 gallons per minute! Owing to the tropical climate the spray does not condense quickly, therefore a huge cloud rises from the falls, to be seen at a distance of 28 miles. The roar of waters can be heard 15 miles away. Hence the native name, Mosi-oa-tunya, the smoke that sounds. When the river is in flood the falls can be seen best by going into the so-called rain forest, on the near side of the deep rift into which the water tumbles. This has to be done in bathing costume. When the wind blows aside the sheet of rain one obtains a fleeting glimpse of the stupendous cataract, as of ten thousand horses with white manes and white tails plunging headlong into the abyss. To an engineer the waste of this white horsepower makes an instant appeal. We could not see the whole face of the falls, but by moving from one point of vantage to another on the edge of the rift, only 150 yards wide, we obtained glimpses of different parts, and so gained a proper impression of the immensity of the phenomenon, the beauty of which is enhanced by the fact that its natural setting, in the tropical jungle, remains as yet unspoiled. The falls were discovered by David Livingstone in 1855. From here to Zanzibar a distance of 2500 miles-we crossed his trail repeatedly, for he spent many years in this central part of Africa, bringing the kindly light of his winning personality into the darkness and dirt of savagery. He tried hard, by his explorations, to solve the riddle of the Nile's source, and at the last was misled into believing that the upper tributaries of the Congo were those of the river of Egypt. Another subject that engaged his earnest attention was the slave trade, the horrible evidences of which pained his gentle heart and caused him, strenuously and successfully, to use his pen in an attempt to bestir England, and Europe generally, to make a determined effort to end the horrible traffic. He exposed the villainies of the Arab and Portuguese traders, and it was fitting therefore that his epitaph in Westminster Abbey should quote his eloquent appeal to heal "the open sore of the world." Not more than twenty years ago, mining explorers in these parts, on the Zambesi-Congo divide, came in contact with both slavery and cannibalism. I have met men who broke into a native village and released slaves that were in chains, expecting not only to be killed but to be ingested by their captors. A red trail of human blood crossed Africa from Zanzibar to Benguella, and over that bloody path came many of the forefathers of our own negroid population. The ivory trade was the incentive to traffic in human stock; when the supply of ivory ran short the natives, not the Arabs and Portuguese only, used captives for barter, to buy foreign goods. Four yards of cotton cloth was the price of a man. Legitimate commerce has proved the cure for the inhuman trade—that and the idea of compassion implicit in Christianity. Rhodes and Livingstone respectively stood for two expressions of our civilization: the first represented the material and the other the spiritual manifestation of human culture. It was the miner, more than any other pioneer, that opened up the dark places of Africa and introduced modern industry into vast regions wherein slavery, witchcraft, tribal warfare, and disease thrived unhindered. Rhodes was the leader of the mining invasion; he was the master mind of imperial expansion and corporate finance; Livingstone was the messenger of human kindness and of the Christian idea of compassion. They supplemented each other; but even Livingstone himself understood that he could accomplish little so long as slavery survived, and that slavery found its excuse in the barter of people who had no legitimate commerce; he knew that the engineer, of mines and of railways, was the real forerunner of our civilization. His successor, a missionary, Dr. Laws, wrote recently to Robert Williams, a partner of Rhodes, saying that their work contributed to the same end, and that he often associated with the engineer's work the text: "Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make His paths straight." So a pioneer of Christianity in the equatorial jungle showed appreciation of the help he obtained from the pioneer of mining; nevertheless, proud as I may be of the members of my profession, and of their direct contribution to human progress, I am compelled, as a thoughtful observer, to come to the conclusion that the welfare of humanity depends, and will depend, not upon material advancement, not upon mines and railroads, ships and aeroplanes, telephones and radiographs, for these have failed to prevent, if they have not facilitated, the horrors and miseries of war, reproducing the very conditions that characterize African savagery, the slavery of mobilization, tribal fighting, the witchcraft of mob thinking, and diseases, some of man's own invention. Our civilization, like those which preceded it, and went down in ruin, will fail utterly unless it breed a spirit of kindness and establish world-wide peace. Civilization is the state of living in an enlightened manner, comfortably and happily. In its ultimate phase therefore, civilization as the expression of human progress means the attainment of peace on earth and goodwill among men. From the Victoria Falls we went to Bwana M'Kubwa, which means 'big chief.' This mining center, 491 miles north of the falls, is in a copper-mining region that extends along the headwaters of the Zambesi, or, to state it in another way, along the height of land separating the watershed of the Congo from that of the Zambesi. While there we went by automobile along a road cut through the bush to N'Changa, a distance of 90 miles, in the course of which we went through a tse-tse belt that follows the valley of the Kafue River. It is remarkable how well defined is this fly belt; apparently the pest favors the moist, warm bottomlands, probably because it prefers, or requires, the damp vegetal débris as a depository for its larva. The tse-tse is a blood-sucking fly, like the horse-fly, which it also resembles in appearance, except that it is brown. Several kinds of tse-tse are known, the two most important being that which transfers a protozoan parasite to the blood of domesticated animals, killing them, and the other the fly that injects this poisonous protozoan into the blood of human beings, causing trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, which must not be confused with the socalled sleepy sickness, encephalitis lethargica, of which, for example, Mrs. J. P. Morgan died recently. This latter is a germ disease of unknown origin. The true sleeping sickness, caused by the African tse-tse, runs a course of one to five years, starting with intermittent fever, and ending with drowsiness and coma. The poison is injected into the blood of the victim with the saliva of the insect during the act of biting. The bite is sharp, but the prick is not painful, and the subsequent irritation is less than that caused by a mosquito. The tse-tse has long been recognized as the scourge of tropical Africa; Livingstone's first book has a picture of this insect on the title-page; it has killed a million. people in the last twenty years, and has done much to delay the exploration and development of Central Africa, by killing all domestic cattle, which do not become immune to it as the game animals do. Indeed, the coincidence of big game and tse-tse flies has caused the suggestion to be made that the big game be exterminated; but this would be ineffective, because the fly would continue to be parasitic to the smaller mammals, such as the rodents. After biting an infected animal, usually the big game, and particularly those with a thin skin, such as antelopes, the fly becomes infective only to the extent of one to five per cent. Immediately after biting, the fly can inoculate another mammal with the smear of blood on her bill, but after that the poison goes into her gut and ceases to be effective for 16 days. The fly herself, after feeding on blood, extrudes not an egg, but a larva, which is ready to pupate. Evidently the female of the species is more deadly than the male! Emin Pasha's expedition, 37 years ago, brought the sleeping sickness, by means of infected native porters, from the Congo to Uganda, where it caused great ravages; and since then every exploring party and caravan has helped to carry it far and wide; so that it continues to spread, creeping northward into the Sudan and the Sahara. In its economic effects, it increased the cost of gathering rubber in the Congo region, and since then the cost of all forms of mining in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo has been high, because the prevalence of the tse-tse precludes the use of horses, mules, or donkeys for transport, and of oxen or cows, for transport and food. Much scientific research is being directed upon the subject today, in the hope of checking and eradicating this pest. From Bwana M'Kubwa we proceeded across the border into the Belgian Congo, where we remained two weeks, visiting and examining the wonderful copper mines of the Katanga. These are controlled and operated by the Union Minière du Haut Katanga, a Belgian corporation in which the Belgian Government has a large interest, so that the company's operations are considered to be a national enterprise. Indeed, they constitute a notably valuable asset to Belgium, for the deposits are remarkable in number, extent, and richness. Already 5,000,000 tons of copper are exposed, in the form of oxidized ore containing 7 per cent of copper. Last year the production was 170,000,000 pounds of metal. The center of administration is Elisabethville, 2305 miles from Cape Town. The labor of the mines, mill, and smelter is performed by natives, Negroes recruited from afar. The Belgians do not stand as much aloof from the natives, especially the women, as the British in Rhodesia. The blacks wear more clothing than in the South African mining districts, and when a native girl is seen gaily appareled one can conclude confidently that she is some white man's darling! Another safe inference is a white man's degradation. What we think of him, the natives think of the woman, for if she returns to her tribe with a hybrid child, she is disgraced, whereas a fatherless child entirely of her own race will not affect her social status. The legislators in the Transvaal were wise in making miscegenation illegal; any sexual intermingling of the white |