of, . . of, under the Divine Govern- ward A. Walker, 323 Annuai 534 ism in, Article, by A. Geikie, 269 126 Scottish Life and Character, Rem- 245 viewed, by Leonard Bacon, 126 Article, by T. D. Woolsey, 731 the World's Progress, noticed, 782 Sermons, R. C. Trench, noticed, 190 952 Sewall, (J. S.) The Pulpit, Article, 401 by J. F. H. Claiborne, not'd, 213, 770 T. W. Atkinson, reviewed, 352 248 Sin, Prof. Park's interpretation of Emmons's theory in regard to 719 214 Slavery, Duty of the Pulpit on the Country of those who remain at Smith, (William), Dictionary of the 186 758 250 English Pronunciation and Spell. 882 ing, reviewed, by W. D. Whitney, 913 . Mayne), Bruin, nota, 259 Spencer, (Herbert), Education, not'd, 242 102 Methodist Pulpit, noticed, . 762 171 226 258 960 Sturtevant, (J. M.) Lessons of our 894 51 198 785 Taylor, (Isaac), Logic in Theology, 168 783, 946 Evil, Originality of, disclaimed, 634 519 193 ism? Article, hy J. P. Thompson, 84 Thacher, (T. A.) Latin Pronuncia- 102 re- . 231 Georges noticed, 206 : War of 1861, The Duties to their Country of those who remain at 674 762 in 1861, and the Lessons to be 891 tion and the Cotton Trade, Art., 829 Weed. (W. B.) Sermons, noticed, 759 tend to Materialism? Article, . 81 entific Discovery for 1861, not'd, 534 32 Quarterly Review, upon the 621 A Fast-Day Sermon, reviewed, 110 Wheeler and Soule's Manual of 918 ing, reviewed, by W. D. Whitney, 913 Whitney, (Wiliiam D.) China and 1 960 Soule and Wheeler's Manual of English Pronunciation and Spel- 913 178 Whitney, (William D.) Translation 237 Whiton, (James Morris), First Les- sons in Greek, noticed, 950 199 Whittier, (John G.) Home Ballads 228 249 Burns, noticed, . 512 Wightman, (Mrs. Charles E. L.) acter, and Interpretation of Serip- Wilder, (R. G.) Mission Schools in 511 India, tian Liturgies and Worship, Art., 685 ary on Solomon's Song, noticed, 758 210 Woman's Right to Labor, by Marie 209 Jefferson was a, considered, 665 Ilistory of Civilization, review. 409, 871 957 Woolsey (T. D.) Southern Apology 731 952 Wood, (A.) Class- Book of Bota- 952 237 952 323 Zakrzewska, (Mrs: Marie €) Á Document of Genesis, Article, . 541 man's Right to Labor, noticed, • 209 949 959 . THE NEW ENGLANDER. No. LXXIII. Ꭻ , ARTICLE 1.-CHINA AND THE WEST. In a former Number of this Journal * we presented to our readers a sketch of the history of China, and a brief and comprehensive view of Chinese institutions. Our design was, by thus exhibiting the character and culture of the Chinese nation in their whole historical development, to lead to more intelligent and juster views of their value, and so to help in solving one of the great questions which must suggest itself to every one who takes even an ordinary interest in the historical events of the day-namely, what is to become of China now, when she is no longer left to work out her own destiny undisturbed, but is forced to feel the potent influence of Western ideas, commercial, social, and religious, backed by Western arms and diplomacy? It is in fulfillment of a half-promise made at the close of the former Article and which circumstances have prevented us from fulfilling earlier—that we revert at present * See Volume XVII, p. 111, etc., Feb., 1859. 1 VOL. XIX, to the general subject, and take up a portion of the evidence affecting it which we then purposely left untouched—the history of the intercourse hitherto carried on between China and the West, and the influence already exerted by the latter upon the former. It is only with the nations of the West that we have now to do. Toward the North, the East, and the South, China has always maintained the position of an acknowledged superior, in arms, in culture, or in both. We have seen, while review , ing the annals of Chinese history, that the irruptions of the northern and northwestern barbarians into the Great Central Flowery Kingdom have indeed repeatedly led to their political supremacy, but have also always ended in their intellectual and social subjection. As for Japan and Farther India, they have borrowed from their powerful and enlightened neighbor letters and arts, and have given little or nothing in return. None of these nations stands now in any such relation to China as should lend importance to the history of their former dealings with her. With the remoter West, the case is far otherwise; it has become a matter of no small moment to trace downward, through more than twenty centuries, the successive steps of that intercourse by which the races of our own Indo-European stock-beginning with its most eastern representative, the Indian, and ending with its most western, the Englishhave affected, and are threatening yet more powerfully to affect, the fates of the great Oriental empire. The determining motives of intercourse between the West and the extreme East have been from the earliest times, as they are even now, of two kinds, commercial and religious. There was the exhaustless wealth of the empire to be shared in by the rest of the race; there were the teeming millions of its population to be converted to a new faith and a better life. The two motives have operated, sometimes together, more often independently of each other; we shall, in treating of them, follow simply the order of time, tracing their joint and separate workings from the beginning down to the present age. As commerce has ever been wont to serve as the pioneer of missionary effort, so was it with respect to China also. The |
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