SCRIPPS INSTITUTION FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Kelp Industry

The function of the Institution in the kelp industry is to supply the State Fish and Game Commission information and advice based on scientific inquiry, as to when the different kelp beds shall be declared open and when closed, i.e., when they may and when they may not be harvested, the Commission being empowered by law to make and enforce the regulations.

The requisite information is obtained by general and special inquiry. "General inquiry" consists in rather frequent general examinations of the beds to ascertain the state of growth, areal abundance, health, etc., of the plants. "Special inquiry" consists in botanical studies on the plants, such problems as their sporulation, embryogeny, bacterial infection, etc., being involved.

The work is in the immediate charge of Mr. W. C. Crandall, Business Agent of Scripps Institution. The botanical investigations are being conducted by Dr. R. P. Brandt.

The somewhat elaborate scheme of dividing the entire kelp area into numbered units and securing a "gentleman's agreement" among the harvesting companies as to who shall cut in different places, is largely due to Mr. Crandall. Funds for prosecuting this work are derived from a state imposed tonnage tax on the wet kelp harvested, the proceeds being allotted jointly to the State Game and Fish Commission and the Scripps Institution.

Fishing Industry

Work of the Institution relative to the fishing industry is of several kinds and may be classified according to the agencies by which they are carried on.

1. The Institution in coöperation with the United States Bureau of Fisheries.

During and for some time after the fishing season of 1917, experimental fishing was carried on for the purpose of ascertaining more definitely than the industrial fishing has determined, the area over which tuna, the long finned albacore, may be obtained; where these fishes go when they leave the fishing area in the fall, and other matters involving the distribution and life habits of the fish. The aim of this work was to get information which would enable the fishermen to ply their vocation more effectively and to increase the output.

Also in connection with the Bureau of Fisheries, a report, as exhaustive as possible, is being prepared on the relation of the fishing done in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States and those of Mexican jurisdiction and influence. The aim of this study is to ascertain the relative amounts of fish taken under the two jurisdictions and from the high seas; conditions as to concessions for fishing in Mexican waters, and as to fees and other charges exacted by the Mexican government and Mexicans; and other matters affecting the industry and international questions involved therein.

The Bureau of Fisheries furnishes the money expended directly on these inquiries, the Institution contributing certain facilities, and some labor of its scientific staff and workmen. The scientific director of the Institution has been appointed Director of Operations by the Bureau for its work in this region and Mr. W. C. Crandall, its special agent for certain purposes.

2. The Institution in coöperation with the Bureau of Chemistry and the Federal Food Administration.

The work here consists of experimentation on methods of preserving fish other than canning. Smoking, kippering, dry-salting and brine-salting are being tried, and various species of fish are being utilized, special attention being given to sardines too large for canning.

The Bureau of Chemistry has assigned an expert, Mr. Horace Davi, to this work; the Institution providing

laboratory and other facilities and the fresh fish, in part, used in the experiments.

3. In coöperation with the Council of Defense of California.

The problem undertaken in this connection was that of bringing the Institution's programme of research on the plankton as the fundamental food supply of commercial fishes, and on the hydrography of the fishing area as part of the environment of the fishes, into the service of the fishing industry. The aim here has been twofold: the possible increase of productiveness of the industry, and the furnishing of information on which to base regulative and protective measures for the fishing industry. The funds supplied by the Council of Defense for this work during the last year will not be continued next year, but the Institution plans to keep up the investigation in part, at least, on its own account.

4. Mr. Crandall is serving as Fish Administrator for Southern California under the National Food Administration. This responsible position absorbs the major part of Mr. Crandall's time.

SUMMER SESSIONS OF 1918

The two summer sessions of 1918 were war sessions. The following courses will give some idea of the channels of work in which the students were engaged: Automobile Construction, Contemporary Social Problems, Elementary Bacteriology, Elementary Cooking, Essentials of Public Health, Europe since 1815, First Aid, Food and Dietetics, French Civilization, Geography of Europe, General Athletics, Government of Germany and Prussia, History of Germany and Prussia, History of American Diplomatic Relations, Home Care of the Sick, Juvenile Delinquency, Medical and Psychological Problems, Military German, Military Sketching, Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, Plane Trigonometry, Political Development of Modern Russia, Political Institutions of France, Principles and Practice of Vocational Guidance, Problems of Individual and National Conduct, Radio Telegraphy.

Five definite schools occupied twelve weeks of intensive war training: (1) School for the Training of Reconstruction Aides, (2) School for Nursing, (3) School of Social Economics, (4) School for Stenographers, (5) School for Laboratory Technicians.

During both sessions a number of speakers representing various nations of the Allies and patriotic organizations, addressed the students and the general public on war topics.

For the first time in the history of the University a summer session was held in Los Angeles from June 24 to August 3. The reports of attendance indicated that the experiment was a decided success.

At Berkeley the attendance of 3417 far exceeded the most sanguine anticipations. The total number of 4016 students registered at Los Angeles and at Berkeley was greater than any previous summer session enrollment in the history of the University. The popularity of the ses

sion was due, no doubt, to the predominance of war courses and to the feeling of the students that preparation for personal efficiency was preparation for national service.

STUDENT PARTICIPATION IN WAR ACTIVITIES

The National Service Committee, an organization consisting of seven students appointed by the President of the Associated Students of the University of California, raised $40,000 on the campus, this to be divided among the various war and civilian charities. During the Second Liberty Loan campaign, bonds to the extent of $73,000 were sold. During the next campaign, the committee disposed of approximately $60,000 worth of bonds.

The University of California Auxiliary to the Berkeley Chapter of the American Red Cross maintains work rooms in Hearst Hall which are open every afternoon. During the year 1917-1918 the women of the University completed more than 15,000 surgical dressings, 700 hospital garments, 2000 knitted articles, 425 Christmas packages, 200 pounds of trench candles, and have equipped and sent out four emergency kits.

More than two thousand dollars' worth of thrift stamps have been sold, thousands of copies of the Daily Californian have been sent to the University's soldiers in France, and the Red Cross has been aided from time to time by donations of clothes, shoes, and money from the sale of paper.