80 THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. Maw's guards or Baildon's india-rubber caps, though distinctive enough, have this great disadvantage, they require both hands of the dispenser, not only for their removal, but also for their readjustment. When one is busy, or on a marketday when customers are eager to catch a train, one cannot take time to refasten those safeguards. Such mechanical difficulties put in the way of the dispenser require more time than he can well afford. LEMON AND LIME JUICE. [J Sir, I think your remarks on my letter are b point, as they do not satisfactorily meet the quest My communication was in reply to your paper substitute for lemon- and lime-juice, and I there I had done, as also the reason which induced m citrate of potash. As far as my opinions on the matter are concer some of them are not correct, and I am quite withdraw my charge against lemon-juice and r perhaps, may be thought by some persons to be mixture, and taken with pleasure by sailors for the rum it contains; but still this does not at al question as to the value of citrate of potash. My reason for stating that citric acid was usel to the fact that the acid is not used as a substitute juice, and also that various fruits and fresh veg equally useful as lemon-juice, although none of contain citric acid. The same may also be said of The question then really seems to be, whether t The great desideratum is some simple contrivance which these various bodies, as I stated in my letter, may would permit us to measure liquor arsenicalis with as much to the potash they contain in combination with a facility as liquor bismuthi. I have long been of the opinion acid, either citric, tartaric, malic, etc., as the case that an effective poison bottle could be made on the bayonet-settle the question; and after all it can only be I cannot see that any amount of laboratory catch or some such principle, to be locked or unlocked by careful experiments at sea during a lengthened vo giving the stopper half a turn, and this could be performed far as I am able, I have attempted to find an answ without bringing either bottle or measure to the counter. The difficulties in the construction of such a bottle might query, and, as I stated in my former letter, must easily be overcome by a practical bottle-maker. These bottles it to others to determine by careful experiments w would, of course require to be longer in the neck than those remedy I propose has any value or not. in ordinary use, as the ground portion of both stopper and bottle would be lower than the catch. The projections on the stopper would correspond with the notches in neck of bottle, and these be so arranged that the stopper (on its insertion) could not go "home" till it was locked by giving the half turn. Some such contrivance would throw a mechanical obstacle in the way of an absent-minded or careless dispenser, and be equally adapted for narrow-mouthed or widemouthed bottles. Scorus. Sir, The safety-guard for bottles containing poison, suggested by your correspondent Mr. J. R. Summers, is very similar to the one I exhibited at the Liverpool Conference; but as mine possesses one peculiarity, which in practice would be found of importance, perhaps you will allow me space for a brief description. If there is simply an india-rubber band across the stopper, when once slipped off, it will be found difficult to be laid hold of again to replace in position; for this purpose a projecting knob is required to rest on the top of the stopper, which may be made in the following manner: -Take a 4-inch brass paper fastener and bend back the two prongs in the form of hooks, on which must be hung the sides of an india-rubber ring, about an inch diameter; the hooks are then to be pressed together and the two loops tied round the neck of the bottle; or a second ring, about 4-inch diameter, may be tied to the loops and passed over the neck of the bottle. I have had them in use for a long time, and am quite satisfied with their convenience and efficiency. For the purpose of further distinguishing at a glance the articles belonging to the two parts of the "poison schedule," I make use of a red and also a green circular label, on which is a black cross, with the words "poison schedule," part, one once whether the article requires registration or a poison or part two, as the case may be; the colour indicating at label only. Liverpool, July 13th, 1871. OVERDOSES. GEORGE BARBER. Sir,-By a very simple arrangement, overdoses in prescriptions might easily be detected. I would suggest that chemists should have written on every bottle the full B.P. dose of the drug contained therein. For instance, after the name extractum ergota liquidum should be written 30 minims; after hydrargyri perchloridum gr., and so on. By this means it would be impossible for an overdose to go unobserved, and in many instances time would be saved as the dispenser would not have to refer to the ROBERT P "Chemicus."-It is supposed to facilitate the oxi the iron, and so increase the amount dissolved. 1 cellent operators, however, do not find any advanta process over the old one of complete immersion. R. S.-A certain amount of basic chloride is form fusion. This is decomposed by water into oxide an chloride. 4. P. S.-You will find a formula for Composition in the first volume of this series, p. 457, and for p lum pills in the present number. "Roy."-1. Mayne's 'Medical Vocabulary' (Chur 2. Piesse's Art of Perfumery' (Longmans). C. D. C.-Perhaps the occurrence was owing to cidental scratch, or the glass may have been imperfe nealed. We cannot account for it in any other way. "Alumen."-See a paper on the "Detection of A Bread," read before the Glasgow Chemists and Dr Association by Dr. Carter Moffat, Vol. I. p. 595. R. G. Mumbray-We suppose that there must ha some informality in the petition against the Pharm Amendment Bill, which you inform us was presented Peek on behalf of the inhabitants of Richmond on last, since its presentation is not recorded in the vo proceedings of the House of Commons. G. B. Cocking. The letter sent for insertion in las issue reached us about six hours after the Journal ha printed. S.W.N.-Tarragon vinegar is made by digesting th plant in vinegar or dilute acetic acid. We are not of any substitute for the plant. to convert two-thirds of the lime into sulphate. E. J. Beal.-We decline to advertise the practice r to in your letter; and though we regret that any me the Pharmaceutical Society should lend himself to a pharmacist will ultimately be regarded in such a li proceeding, we can at present only hope that the busi all those engaged in it as to prevent the adoption of course by any one belonging to the trade. one of the sale of an article of drysaltery, and we th "Beta."-We regard the case referred to in your le should not be regarded as competition with qualified macists. THE STRENGTH OF THE HYDROCYANIC tity of pure wax; but, being told that it would be ACID OF PHARMACY. BY DR. W. A. TILDEN. Having on several occasions noticed considerable deficiencies in the strength of hydrocyanic acid said to be B. P., that is represented as containing 2 per cent. of real acid, I have recently examined a few samples, with the view of comparing them together, and of ascertaining how far they diverge from the Pharmacopeial standard. A weighed quantity was in every case introduced into a stoppered bottle containing water, and more than sufficient potash to convert all the HCN into KCN. An accurately standardized solution of nitrate of silver was then run in from a burette, till, after shaking, the last drop produced a faint opacity of the fluid. As in most cases two experiments were performed with the same sample, the close agreement of the results shows the accuracy of the method. No. Percentage cf HCN. submitted to a competent analysis, wrote, stating their regrets that they had no pure" at present in stock. During a conversation on microscopical subjects with my friend Mr. C. P. Gibson, M.P.S., of this town, this beeswax question cropped out, and my friend, himself an ardent microscopist, produced a number of slides of Cera flava and C. alba for my inspection, remarking, "they are all said to be pure, but one, at least, is very remarkable as regards the form of the crystals." A cursory glance convinced me that one specimen was very adulterated, and none of them, least of all the C. alba, appeared to me to be genuine. To obtain a sample of pure wax was now our difficulty, from which Mr. Gibson's assistant speedily extricated us, by obtaining from some friends who were beekeepers a small portion of absolutely unadulterated wax that had been prepared by them for their own use. My friend most kindly undertook to prepare for me, according to my directions, a series of slides, some being pure, others adulterated in defined proportions with suet, lard and stearine, the whole being put up in a similar manner, and carefully labelled. A slight examination of these slides by means of the microscope would show the least experienced observer that a slide of pure wax was a far less pretty microscopic object than a slide prepared from ordinary commercial wax. But this is hardly enough. More is reThe first three are what they should be; the quired than a slight difference in prettiness to enable fourth is only three-quarters of the strength reus to pronounce decidedly upon the presence or not quired officially; the last four are quite unfit to use, that the two slides were prepared from wax of a of an adulterant. For example, it might be objected and should be condemned. Pharmacists who employ for dispensing purposes hydrocyanic acid in different nationality, and that the very different food such a condition as these four samples should not of the bees in the one country caused a variation in forget that they take upon themselves the responsiferent arrangement of the crystals as seen under the the beeswax, which was shown by the slightly difbility of reducing the dose ordered by a medical man in his prescription to one-half, or as in the last case to less than one-fourth. 2.188 1. 2.183 2. 2:037 2.028 3. 1.989 1.521 1.526 5 *980 micropolariscope. To satisfy myself that this was not a misleading element in the affair, I examined a conIt is difficult to suggest a remedy for this kind of siderable number of samples of commercially pure thing. The practice of testing all the more impor- wax under a Beck's 4-inch objective, using a Nichol tant preparations, both qualitatively and quantita- prism for polarizer, and an exceedingly good tourtively, must become more common than hitherto maline as an analyser. Under the 4-inch, the form of among retail druggists; and in the case of articles the crystals in commercial wax, as in pure, are seen like prussic acid, which is cheap, easily prepared, to maintain a strong individuality. The wax crystal and in the dispensing of which accuracy is specially is smaller, always less feathery in aggregation, and demanded, it seems desirable to renew the stock has slightly different (as yet undetermined) rotative often enough to avoid changes of such a serious character. THE OPTICAL ANALYSIS OF BEES- BY HENRY POCKLINGTON, HULL. A brief résumé of my observations and experiments in the optical analysis of Cera flava and C. alba, as found in the trade, may not perhaps be uninteresting or wholly valueless. It has been remarked to me that pure wax is not to be obtained in large quantities, and that wholesale dealers feel them selves secure against detection, provided they restrict their choice of adulterants within certain limits. To some considerable extent this is true; to so great an extent, indeed, that out of the very numerous samples that I have examined, all said to be "pure," there was not one but was more or less largely adulterated; and I have knowledge of firms who professed themselves able to supply any quanTHIRD SERIES, No. 57. powers. The wax crystals in an adulterated or commercial specimen can almost be pointed out one by one to an observer by means of an indicating eyepiece. Their separation is most complete and distinct. It is not easy, without carefully-executed drawings, to point out the difference between the forms of wax crystals and those of the stearine (in some form or other) with which wax is invariably adulterated. It may serve my purpose here, which is merely to suggest a means by which every chemist may act as his own detective in this matter, if I describe my mode of procedure. The only requisites are a microscope of tolerably good workmanship, such as may be purchased of any of our leading opticians for a few pounds. The stage should either be itself capable of rotation or receive Swift's Blankley's revolving stage, an ex for the courtesy with which they have placed apparatus at It is due to these gentlemen that I express my thanks my disposal in working out certain microscopic problems, and in carrying out my suggestions. of the root with which to bathe the eyes in any case of inflammation of those organs. A“ tisane," or infusion of the flowers sweetened with sugar, is used on the Continent in lieu of linseed tea,―its agreeable flavour and greater efficacy particularly recommending it as a demulcent drink in fever, cold or gonorrhoea. The Lavatera arborea, or Sea Tree-mallow, is frequently employed by the inhabitants of the coasts on which it grows. Its large deep-purple flowers covering the shrub, which always grows on small rocky islets, render it one of the handsomest of our indigenous plants. All parts of it are equally mucilaginous, and the petals yield a splendid colour when infused with hot water. The flowers of the Althau arborea seu rosea, the Hollyhock of our gardens, are much used in Germany. They contain a red extractive and mucilage. ceedingly inexpensive but valuable adjunct to the The common Malva sylvestris, so abundant everypolariscopist. The polarizer should be a good Nichol where in England, furnishes nearly as much muciprism, the analyser, which must be capable of being lage as the Althea officinalis, and furnishes a rotated, may be either a tourmaline, Herapathite, conspicuous example of credulous natures" going or Nichol. Mr. Swift fits the Nichol prism in a farther and faring worse. Flowers, leaves and manner singularly well adapted to polariscope re-roots all abound with it. The celebrated oculist, searches, and, when specially requested, provides Dr. Desmarres, frequently prescribes a hot decoction means by which the precise number of degrees over which the analyser is rotated may be measured without the necessity of carrying the prism in place of the cap over the eyepiece. A few glass slides, then covers and thick brass plate, are the remaining requisites. The first step should be to prepare a slide or two of known pure wax. Having cleaned the slip and cover perfectly, place the former on the brass plate (which should be at least half an inch thick), with the cover upon it as near the centre as possible. Place at the edge of the cover a small fragment of wax and slowly heat the plate by means of a spirit-lamp underneath until the wax melts. Extinguish the lamp, and allow the whole to cool. When the slide is cold remove it. Prepare slides of commercial stearine, of composite candle fat, suet and spermaceti in the same way, and label each as prepared. Mix with the pure wax various proportions of stearine, tallow, suet; mount slides and label. Finally, The Althea officinalis ranks high in the estimation study each carefully under the micropolariscope, the of most Continental practitioners. The powdered prisms being crossed so that the field is dark, and root is used chiefly as an excipient,―much, in fact, rotate the slide by means of the rotating stage. as liquorice root is used here, and has the advanWhen thoroughly familiar with the differences be- tage of being white and nearly tasteless. A catatween these slides and the forms of the several plasm of it is also officinal. The syrup is an agreecrystals, the observer may proceed to the examina- able vehicle for kermes, morphia and other active tion of commercial wax, and he will be singularly medicines. Guimauve lozenges are prepared with a fortunate (according to my experience) if he discover mucilage of the plant, and dissolve in the mouth a single pure specimen of commercial wax. Cera with a peculiarly balsamic and slimy effect. Malva alba is, to my notion, the most adulterated, chiefly, I think-though, from my comparative neglect of this article I am not sure-with stearine. Spermaceti is also probably adulterated, but as yet I have not obtained a trustworthy standard specimen. glabra, rotundifolia and sylvestris are also officinal. Their flowers are used for tisanes or infusions, and are a component of the famous quatre-fleurs (species emollientes). The Cotton-plant (Gossypium) is too well known to pharmacists to need any description. The oil is largely imported, being expressed from the seeds by means of heat. Its chief use, I am sorry to add, is to adulterate other more expensive oils. decoction, is highly palatable, and can be eaten with The boiled root of the Althea, after preparing the much relish as a vegetable. During a short historic period, in which hunger caused many of us to make dities of a pharmacy, we found the boiled marshsome curious experiments with the esculent commomallow-root a very pleasant addition to horseflesh, much resembling salsify in flavour and appearance. How much esculent food is lost in this country through ignorance and prejudice is an economist's problem; but I am certain that boiled chickweed is superior to spinach, dandelion salad to endive, and marshmallow-root to parsnips. Crede experto. The hedges furnish food for thousands, but is science powerful enough to overcome prejudice? PHARMACY IN PORTUGAL. Dr. Ullersperger, of Munich, gives an account of the state of pharmacy in Portugal in 1869–70, which he divides into two parts, viz. the pharmaceutical instruction at the University of Coimbra, and the position of practical pharmacy. At the university five years' study are prescribed, viz. 1st year, inorganic chemistry; 2nd year, organic chemistry and analysis; 3rd year, natural philosophy (1st part) and botany; 4th year, natural philosophy (2nd part) and zoology; 5th year, mineralogy, geology, and mining. For practical instruction the university possesses museums for zoology, mineralogy, conchology, and for physics; also a chemical laboratory, and a splendid botanical garden, which may rival with any other in Europe. The last was founded in 1773, and is now under the direction of Dr. A. J. R. Vidal; the gardener is a native of SchleswigHolstein, Mr. E. Goetze, who was recently sent to the Azores, whence he brought home many exotic plants. FLUID EXTRACTS AND THEIR MENSTRUA. BY EDWARD R. SQUIBB, M.D. (Concluded from page 65.) FLUID EXTRACT OF CONIUM SEED, NOT OFFICINAL. But should be. One hundred pounds of green unripe fruit or seed, yield about thirty-five pounds of dried uncolour. The best fluid extract of this very tender and ripe fruit, which when properly dried retain their green sensitive drug, is made by crushing the fresh unripe seed with a small proportion of stronger alcohol slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and pressing out the liquid by a powerful press, and evaporating, without heat, by enclosing it over lime, until three pounds of the fresh unripe fruit is represented by one pint of the pre There is also a museum for medical chemistry, which is open for pharmaceutical students, containing in two large rooms collections of apparatus and preparations. The dispensary attached to the uni-paration. versity serves for practical instruction; it contains An excellent preparation may also be made from the rooms for dispensing, the hospitals in connection dried unripe fruit in fine powder, by repercolation with with the university being supplied with medicines stronger alcohol slightly acidulated with hydrochloric from here, store rooms and a large lecture-room. Dr. A. de Vascoricellas, the director, lectures here on pharmacy and materia medica for medical students; the pharmaceutical course in the laboratory lasts two years, while the third and fourth years are reserved for practice in the dispensary. The want of a pharmacopoeia in Portugal has been felt for a long time; true there was a Pharmacopea Regal published by Tavaxes in the last century, but it did not keep pace with the progress in science; it was followed by a Codigo Pharmaceutico, by Dr. A. Albano da Silveira Pintro, and in 1838 a commission was appointed to draw up a codex for medical men and pharmacists. The result of their labour was the Pharmacopoea Lusitana, but the one now in force is nothing more than a revised edition of Dr. Albano's Codex. The Sociedade Pharmaceutica hold their meetings at Lisbon; one of the leading members is Henrique José de Sousa Telles. There are several pharmaceutical journals in Portugal, the most important of which at home is the Revista de Pharmacia Sciencias Accessorias do Porto, while the Archivo de Pharmacia e Sciencias Accessorias da India Portagueza, publicado e redigido por Antonio Gomes Roberto, professor of pharmacy at the medical school at Nova Goa, Portuguese India, represents the interests of the Transatlantic possessions; it appears in monthly numbers, and it may be interesting to give the contents of a recent number, as showing the position of the profession in the far away countries; they are, analysis of a mineral from the province Cauacorea by Cabo de Rama, merely showing clay and iron pyrites; a paper on the climate of the island of Mozambique, by Dr. C. A. de Macedo e Valle; several formulas, such as syr. tolutanus, syr. sarsaparilla, syr. rhataniæ, inf. aur. co. aquosum, liq. spir. tolutan., and letters on the medico-chirurgical school and on experimental physiology, and finally, a report on insalubrity by Sr. Bartholomew do Choras, and on stagnation of saline waters in Vargea Cadlem do Bairo Paudi Vaddo, by Dr. F. M. da Silva Torres. As a special branch of science, pharmacy in Portugal is far behind England, Germany or France, and a wide field for investigation is still open, especially in two directions, viz. in organic chemistry, physiological as well as pathological, and in analyses of mineral waters, in which the country is particularly rich. acid. FLUID EXTRACT OF ERGOT, OFFICINAL. Ergot cannot be obtained in fine powder without material injury. It should be had in as fine a powder as practicable without drying, and this grinding should be done at the time when it is to be percolated. Skilfully repercolated with diluted alcohol acidulated with one per able. A pint of the menstruum, at 25° C. cent. of acetic acid, the preparation appears unexception77° F., weighs about 6824 grains, and a pint of the finished preparation weighs about 7224 grains, giving a difference of about 400 grains. = FLUID EXTRACT OF IPECACUANHA, OFFICINAL. This preparation is very much in need of special study and research, the present formula being troublesome and uncertain in regard to the precipitation of the resin, and yielding a preparation not uniform in appearance and properties. FLUID EXTRACT OF PAREIRA BRAVA, NOT OFFICINAL. But should be. This drug from its density is a refractory substance to percolate. It should be in the finest possible powder, and be percolated very slowly with the mixture of alcohol, glycerine and water. FLUID EXTRACT OF WILD (HERRY BARK, OFFICINAL. This is, perhaps, the most troublesome of the officinal formulas, and requires more knowledge and skill than repercolation does. If the menstruum be watery enough, and contain but little alcohol, the reaction between the constituents of the bark for the production of hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almonds takes place during the maceration, and thus saves the circuitous route by emulsion of almonds. The mixture of alcohol, glycerine and water is well adapted to this percolation, and yields a preparation having much more of the sensible properties of the drug than the officinal process. It should also be made double the present officinal strength. A pint of the menstruum weighs about 7540 grains at mean temperatures, and a pint of the preparation of full strength about 8290 grains, giving a difference of about 750 grains. Or, for the present officinal half strength, the weight of a pint would be about 7915 grains, with a difference of about 375 grains. The hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almonds of this the proportion, always very small, appears to diminish preparation seem to suffer spontaneous decomposition, as somewhat rapidly. As the physician often needs these sedative constituents, they should be added at the time of prescribing. FLUID EXTRACT OF RHUBARB, OFFICINAL The rhubarb should be in very fine powder, and be repercolated with the mixture of one part glycerine and three parts stronger alcohol. Many menstrua were tried FLUID EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA, AND COMPOUND FLUID Should be in fine powder, and be repercolated with diluted alcohol, and glycerine added to the weak residuary percolate in such amount as to constitute onefourth the weight of the finished preparation. This should then be reduced to the proper extent by distillation, and the glycerine residue be added to the strong percolate. The mezercon of the compound fluid extract is often complained of, and probably might be omitted without injury. FLUID EXTRACT OF SENNA, OFFICINAL. This preparation, made by the officinal process, is often complained of for want of purgative strength. In order to try the effect of stronger alcohol as a menstruum for senna, a portion was completely exhausted by the use of 18 pints of the alcohol. The residue was dried, and when taken by the writer in doses of 180 to 200 grains, proved purgative, and produced griping. Other portions were exhausted by weaker alcohol, and the residue tried in the same way, but the purgative power did not disappear entirely until the alcohol was reduced by the addition of half its volume of water. It appears, therefore, that the officinal diluted alcohol, as now used, or that which is a little stronger, as made by mixing equal weights of stronger alcohol and water, are one or the other proper for the repercolation of senna. The diluted alcohol has been tried and does well, but whether the other would be better has not been tried. The addition of glycerine, even in small proportion, overloads the preparation with mucilaginous extractive matter. FLUID EXTRACT OF DANDELION, OFFICINAL. The German bitter root is much preferred by the writer, and it should be in very fine powder. The officinal diluted alcohol, as now directed, dissolves an unnecessary proportion of the mucilaginous ingredients of the drug, and clogs the percolations. A mixture of equal weights of stronger alcohol and water answers better, and yields a good preparation. FLUID EXTRACT OF UVA URSI, OFFICINAL. Should be simply repercolated in very fine powder by the mixture of alcohol, glycerine and water. This menstruum seems well adapted to this drug. FLUID EXTRACT OF VALERIAN, OFFICINAL. of these preparations by one-half, or to the present strength of the fluid extracts of cinchona and wild cherry bark. Although there are some good reasons for this proposition, yet in the writer's opinion it would not be a wise change. The popularity of these medicines, as a class, depends largely upon the convenience which they offer to country physicians of carrying their remedies in a small compass, and in a convenient form; and to give this and many other advantages up at this late day, after many of the difficulties and deficiencies have been discovered and remedied, would be to sacrifice much useful labour with the recognized advantages. Besides, one of the most useful of the directions in which progress in pharmacy is recognized, is in the concentration and condensation of medicinal agents. One direction in which several of the fluid extracts might be improved, is by the addition of corrigents. Fluid extracts of cinchona and senna should have aromatics in full proportion added, and there should be a fluid extract of May-apple with belladonna or hyoscyamus, and aromatics.-Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. THE ACTION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID ON CODEIA AND ITS DERIVATIVES.* Lecturer on Chemistry in St. Mary's Hospital Medical the action of hydrobromic acid on codeia gives rise, with- I. Action of Hydrobromic Acid on Bromotetracodeia. When bromotetracodeia hydrobromate is heated in a scaled tube to 100° with four or five times its weight of 48 per cent. hydrobromic acid for from six to ten hours, Various mixtures of glycerine were tried for percolat-methyl bromide is found as a thin layer on the top of ing this drug, but without success, nothing answering so well as stronger alcohol. English valerian yields a preparation of milder taste, and finer and more delicate odour. But the German or French drug, which gives a peppery impression to the tongue, is doubtless the more effective medicinal agent. FLUID EXTRACT OF AMERICAN HELLEBORE, OFFICINAL. This should be repercolated in very fine powder with stronger alcohol, and should always bear a red label. FLUID EXTRACT OF GINGER, OFFICINAL. This should be made from African ginger in very fine powder, and not from Jamaica ginger. The latter has a finer aromatic flavour, but the former is the stronger carminative. The menstruum should be stronger alcohol. The difficulty and labour in making good fluid extracts has recently led to a proposition, chiefly advocated among the pharmacists of Chicago, to reduce the strength the tarry contents of the tube after cooling; by dissolving this tarry substance in water, and fractionally precipitating the liquid by strong hydrobromic acid several times successively, nearly white amorphous flakes are ultimately obtained, resembling in all their physical and chemical properties the bromotetracodeia hydrobromate originally employed. After desiccation, first over SO, H, and finally at 100°, there were obtained numbers which correspond with those required for a base bearing the same relation to morphia that bromotetracodeia does to codeia; it is, therefore, provisionally named bromotetramorphia. *Read before the Royal Society, June 15, 1871. Ser. Vol. I. pp. 867, 886. + Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxi. p. 317; PHARM. JOURN. 3rd chromate and oxygen; except where otherwise stated, chloAll combustions given in this paper were made by lead rine and bromine were determined by boiling with silver nitrate and nitric acid. |