There must, indeed, be many cases in which, by unusual sickness and misfortune, saving will be made impossible, or the savings of former years necessarily dissipated. The ills of life, its misfortunes and its trials, must be borne. And when it comes without a man's own fault, poverty, if nobly borne, is not the worst of ills. But as we have before shown, when speaking of benefit clubs, the ordinary risks of sickness during early and middle life may be met at a cost of about 3d. per week by mutual insurance, if only the objects of clubs be limited to this simple purpose, and not extended to making precarious provision against sickness in old age also. In general, therefore, it is possible to save the nest-egg of savings from destruction during sickness in middle life without much difficulty, and at small cost. And if they be not dissipated during ordinary sickness in middle life, there is at least some hope that in many cases the savings of a lifetime will not be dissipated even during old age. If a man be possessed of a fair amount of capital invested (whether in railway shares, Consols, or a house and garden of his own), what will become of it in his old age? Expenses decrease as children become independent, and if a parent have done his duty by his children, and be in a position to leave a valuable succession to them, the chances must at least be largely increased of their affording him in his old age that dutiful support which under the present system is so often denied. Better by far than a precarious pension from a benefit club will in such a case be the aid of grown-up children rallying round the patriarch in his old age. And who can tell the extent to which, in the course of time, the solidarity of families might become strengthened and deepened through the possession of capital, not exhausted and dying with each generation, but preserved and handed down as a family inheritance from one to another? The possession of capital has done something, at least, to keep richer families together, and why should it not do the same in degree amongst the less wealthy classes? We believe that it would.

It is thus, in indirect as well as direct ways, that the possession of capital as the result of a lifetime of intelligent thrift becomes the key to so many economic problems, which (without it), to use the strong words of the Quarterly Reviewer before quoted,gravel our statesmen.' Not that a miserly greed for gold is a virtue, or that England would be a better country to live in if the sovereign' came to be the first thought of the Englishman, as the dollar' is libellously said to be of our American kinsmen. There is all the difference

between thrift and greed. A nation of capitalists is not necessarily a nation of misers.

The miser's motive is meanly sordid and selfish. But the thrift which husbands capital is not likely to be engendered by a merely selfish and sordid motive. It is a product far more of the domestic than of the selfish instincts of mankind. A man's mere selfishness is not often found in practice to be sufficiently far-sighted to keep up the long effort of present self-denial for a distant gain. It is the domestic instinct-the love of home. and family, and an honest place in society-which furnishes the strongest motive, and hence it is in practice that amongst the working classes there is little danger of saving becoming a vice. It means the curbing of vices, and not their indulgence.

It is not, therefore, a mammon-gospel that we are preaching when we urge upon the working classes of this country that the blot in their economic condition is, not that they are dependent on wages, but that, being so dependent, they are not capitalists. If it be true that this country is the wealthiest country upon earth, they ought to be possessed of some proper share of her wealth. If wages are higher to-day than they ever were in this country, and than they are now in any other country except the extensions of England across the ocean (which are open to English-speaking people in a sense in which they are open to no other), then the English people have in an altogether exceptional degree the power to become possessed of capital. If, lastly, it be true, as we sometimes as a nation boast, that as compared with other countries the homes of England are the happiest, and the domestic instincts of her people the strongest, then English working men ought to have a motive strong enough to sustain them in that steady course of virtue and self-denial which an honest husbandry of capital involves.

We have endeavoured to show that the State may do something to help them in this husbandry of capital. It may not be much, but that is no reason why it should be left undone. At the same time we do not forget that whether they make use of any proffered help is, after all, very much dependent on the success of that far greater work which the State has undertaken for their benefit-that education of the people, the great object of which is to help them to help themselves.

ART. V.-Life of Sir Henry Lawrence. By the late MajorGeneral Sir HERBERT B. EDWARDES, K.C.B., and HERMAN MERIVALE, C.B. 2 vols. London: 1872.

6

BETWEEN 1821 and 1834 five brothers-sons of an officer who had greatly distinguished himself in the Royal Army, but had reaped very little beyond barren laurels— entered, as cadets, the service of the East India Company. Their father had gone to India as an adventurer in the year 1783, being then in the seventeenth year of his age,' and began his military career as a volunteer in H.M.'s 30th Regiment.' After fruitless attempts to obtain an ensigncy free of purchase, he was at last compelled to buy it, and was the only survivor of four subalterns who volunteered to lead the forlorn hope' at the storming of Seringapatam, where he received two wounds, from the effects of one of which he never thoroughly recovered. He served, however, for many years, and commanded the garrison of Ostend in June 1815, after vainly entreating the Duke of Wellington to permit him to come to the front with a body of picked men. It was not likely that the sons of such a father-whose mother, too, was collaterally descended from John Knox, should be laggards in the race of life. All the five brothers rendered excellent service to the East India Company in their several spheres of duty, and two eminently distinguished themselves. John, the younger of this pair, after holding the Punjâb through the Mutiny with a grasp that never relaxed, was selected at a later period to fill the highest and most responsible post to which a British subject can aspire. Henry, the subject of the work which we propose to review, was nominated-though he did not live to know it-to succeed to the same high office, in the event of the death, resignation, or coming away' of Lord Canning. In the long and glorious roll of English history such honours, we believe, were never before won by two brothers, springing from parents ennobled only by courage and virtue, and who owed their own distinction solely to their personal deserts. Lord Lawrence happily survives to enjoy the honours which he has so well won. It is our task to trace the career of Henry Lawrence, from the practical commencement of his education at Addiscombe to the sad day when, a few hours before his death, he dictated his epitaph: Here lies Henry Lawrence, 'who tried to do his duty.' We shall attempt to tell how well he succeeded in that noble endeavour, to which his whole life was earnestly devoted, and what a legacy of enduring con

stancy he left, not only to those who succeeded him in the heroic defence of Lucknow, but to his countrymen in all future time, and under every circumstance of almost overwhelming difficulty and danger.

Most unwillingly we are compelled to pass over the time which Henry Lawrence spent at Dumdum, where, under the care of the Rev. George Craufurd, an exemplary clergyman, and associating with young officers of strong religious convictions, he appears to have received the earliest impressions of the faith which developed itself in so marked a manner in his after life. But Lawrence was not allowed to remain long at Dumdum. The first Burmese war broke out, and he was ordered to the front in Arracan. There the whole force was decimated by fever.

was

'The sickness and mortality in Arracan, between the middle of June 1825 and January 1, 1826,' says Sir Herbert Edwardes, unprecedently great. Out of about two hundred European officers, seventy had died, and several, who went away sick, never recovered. Upwards of one third of the force (European and native) died. In a month General Morrison had no longer an army.'

Thus ended Lawrence's first campaign. He was sent back to Calcutta, and was most kindly received there by his friend Mr. Craufurd; but a change of climate was absolutely necessary, and he was sent home on medical certificate. And, although he advisedly returned to England by way of China, for the benefit of the longer sea-voyage, how ill he was on his arrival at home is vouched for by an entry in his mother's journal: Returned from Arracan, after the Burmese war, my dearly beloved Henry Montgomery, not twenty-one years old, but reduced by sickness and suffering to more than double 'that age.' His sojourn in England, extending to two and a half years, gradually restored his health, although, as we have said, the marshes of Arracan had permanently injured his constitution. He did not waste his holiday in idleness; indeed his nature was such that the improba Siren, desidia,' had no power over him. He fully and carefully employed his time, and specially in the autumn of 1828, he and his brother-officer, 'Lieutenant Fordyce, (also on sick leave with Arracan fever) 'got permission to join the Trigonometrical Survey in the north of Ireland, in which he acquired that practical experience of the science which enabled him, a few years afterwards, to ' revolutionise the revenue survey system in India. He always spoke with warmth of the kindness of the Royal Engineer 'officers in this Irish survey, and their readiness to give him 'professional information.'

The

We must not neglect to mention that during this visit to England, Lawrence became deeply attached to Miss Honoria Marshall, whom he first met in Ireland, at the house of her aunt, the widow of Admiral Heath, and afterwards in England. But he never told his love, at that time, to the object of it; mainly, we cannot doubt, from his conviction that he was not, as a subaltern of artillery, and one who felt strongly his obligation to assist his parents in their old age, in a position to support a wife in the comfort which he regarded as her due. 'truth was,' says his biographer, that in those days he had two objects, both of which require seclusion; the first being to put by money for his mother's use in her last years; and the other, partly growing out of the first, to improve himself in every way, and fit himself for staff employ. Life was a real earnest thing for him. He had no taste for anything that was frivolous; and soberly, seriously, thoughtfully, he strengthened himself for a coming work.' That work was about to open to him. In the year 1832 his brother George had been sent to Simla. Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General, was there at the time, and George was emboldened by his love for Henry to ask a boon at the hands of the chief dispenser of patronage. Accordingly he sought and obtained an interview. 66 Well, what have you come "for?" asked Lord William. "Nothing for myself," an'swered George. "What then?" said his Lordship; "I can "tell you you're the first man I have met in India who ""wanted nothing." George then explained that he wanted his Lordship to appoint Henry to the Revenue Survey.' And this brotherly intercession prevailed, for Lord William Bentinck was just the man to appreciate the feeling which dictated it, and to enjoy the opportunity of giving vent to the characteristic sarcasm which we have quoted. Having ascertained, no doubt by inquiries, Lawrence's character and qualification, the Governor-General appointed him in the following February to the Revenue Survey in the Northwestern Provinces.

In that survey he did excellent service, and demonstrated how greatly he had benefited by the instruction received from the kindly officers of Engineers to whom he had attached himself in Ireland. But we cannot afford to dwell upon this part of his career. It was at this period, however, that he formed that connexion which constituted his happiness for many years of his life, strengthened his religious convictions, and gave him a helpmate of whom it is not too much to say-though it is very much that she was worthy to be the wife of Henry