Both the independent infinitive and the participial phrase are equivalent in thought to subordinate sentences; they are used, however, without the close connection with the rest of the sentence that the subordinate sentence has.

(4) Words of Address.-In speaking and in writing, the name of the person addressed is often inserted into the body of the sentence, either to arouse the attention of the person spoken to, or, in more familiar conversation, to serve as a mild indication of interest or affection on the part of the speaker towards the person spoken to.

EXAMPLES:

(1) Mr. Williams, will you take the part of Iago?
(2) I don't know, Tom, if I shall have time for that or not.

In poetry and elevated discourse persons and inanimate objects are often addressed directly for the purpose of calling the ideas they express more vividly before the mind.

EXAMPLES:

(1) Stars, hide your fires,

Let not night see my dark and deep desires!

(2) O my Country, what a wound did you then receive!

(5) Independent Prepositional Phrases.-Closely related to the sentence-modifying adverbs are the independent prepositional phrases, as in the following examples:

(1) Between you and me, I don't believe he has told the whole story.

(2) You will know the result, of course, by Saturday.

(3) Do you know, by the way, that we haven't yet called on our new neighbor?

231. Elliptical Sentences and Clauses.-Ellipsis is the omission from the expression of an idea of certain parts of the thought which may easily be supplied from the context. The chief purpose of ellipsis is economy and brevity of expression. Elliptical sentences and clauses should be analyzed and parsed as they stand, being classified simply as elliptical sentences or clauses; the unexpressed parts should not be supplied for the purposes of parsing, inasmuch as they are not necessary for the expression of the thought and are not silently understood in the mind of the speaker or writer who uses the elliptical construction. Such sentences are often perfectly natural and proper, although they do not contain all the elements necessary to a complete grammatical analysis of them. The following are the chief kinds of elliptical sentences: (a) Ellipsis of the verb in a subordinate clause:

(1) You are not as tall as he=You are not as tall as he is tall. (2) Your news is important if true=Your news is important if it is true.

(3) Lawsuits are not so common here as in the city=Lawsuits are not so common here as they are in the city.

(4) The tallest man takes the right end, the shortest the left= The tallest man takes the right end, the shortest man takes the left end.

(5) I don't want to go but John does=I don't want to go but John does want to go.

(6) There is no country more liberal than this=There is no country more liberal than this country is liberal.

(7) We talked it over while walking down the street=We talked it over while we were walking down the street.

(b) The noun which an adjective modifies is omitted:

(1) Washington's birthday is on the twenty-second of February =Washington's birthday is on the twenty-second day of February.

(2) I shall be eighteen on the first of May=I shall be eighteen years old on the first day of May.

(3) The oldest man in the town is also the richest=The oldest man in the town is also the richest man in the town.

(c) A relative pronoun is omitted:

(1) You are the man I mean=You are the man whom I mean. (2) That is the prize you want to try for=That is the prize which you want to try for.

(3) He doesn't realize the trouble he is making=He doesn't realize the trouble which he is making.

(d) The infinitive verb is omitted after its sign to.1

(1) You need not go unless you want to You need not go

unless you want to go.

(2) If you have to, stay over until to-morrow-If you have to stay, stay over until to-morrow.

(e) A number of examples may be grouped under the head of incomplete sentences. In a way they are sentences, since they are capable of expressing a thought. They are exceptional, however, in that they do not follow the ordinary structure of a regularly expressed sentence.

(1) Such sentence equivalents as Yes, No, To be sure, Certainly, etc., may be regarded as a kind of shortcut sentence. They have no grammatical structure and are incapable of analysis.

(2) Exclamatory sentences like Water!, meaning Give me some water; or More!, meaning I want more; incomplete wishes like If I only knew where to look for it!, meaning I should be glad if I only knew where to look for it, or Oh, to be in England now that April's there!, to be completed in the same way; phrases like Six months at sea!, meaning Think of being six months at sea!, or You a lawyer!, meaning Do you mean to say that you are a lawyer?—

1 This use, though permissible in colloquial, everyday speech, is hardly good literary style.

all these are to be classed simply as incomplete sentences incapable of grammatical analysis.

(3) Certain sentences intentionally omit their conclusion for the sake of emphasis, as in Well, if that's the best you can do- -; or You had better drop that cases the reader or listener is

or- -, in which

expected to fill out the thought for himself.

CHAPTER V.-ANALYSIS AND DIAGRAM.

232. Analysis of Sentences.-In analyzing sentences we separate them into the various parts of which they are composed, so as to indicate the relation of the parts to each other.

In analyzing the simple sentence state:

(1) the kind of sentence it is;

(2) the simple subject, then the complete subject, stating how the parts of the complete subject modify the simple subject;

(3) the simple predicate, then the complete predicate, stating how the parts of the complete predicate modify the simple predicate;

(4) the simple object, if there is one, then the complete object, stating how the parts of the complete object modify the simple object. Or if the predicate is a copulative verb, state then the predicate nominative in the same way as the object.

In analyzing the complex sentence, state:

(1) the kind of sentence it is and the clauses of which it is composed;

(2) the analysis of the principal sentence, as in the simple sentence;

(3) the subordinate clause or clauses, stating how each is dependent on the rest of the sentence;

(4) then the analysis of the subordinate clause or clauses as in the simple sentence.