(17) That condition we could not fulfil.

(18) Rounding the point the little boat faced a head wind. (19) A worse storm the captain had never experienced.

(20) Word of complaint spake he none.

(21) After all, books are very good friends.

(22) Five mortal hours the weary watch we kept.

(23) Lost in the forest the children almost perished from hunger. (24) Again those soothing strains I hear.

2. In the following sentences the simple predicates are printed in italics. Give the complete subjects, predicates, and objects.

(1) The troops entered the city.

(2) The twenty pirates immediately abandoned the sinking ship. (3) These large apples grew in our orchard.

(4) My younger brother lost his new hat.

(5) The new-fallen snow completely covered all the earth.

(6) Two troops of soldiers came to our rescue.

(7) The German Empire contains many small states.

(8) Who brought this beautiful flower?

(9) The big dog in our neighbor's yard bit two children. (10) They asked many questions.

(11) Full many a gem of purest ray serene

The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear.

(12) The castled crag of Drachenfels

Frowns o'er the wide and winding Rhine.

(13) The spacious firmament on high,

With all the blue ethereal sky,

And spangled heavens, a shining frame,
Their great Original proclaim.

(14) The imperial ensign, full high advanced,

Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind,

With gems and golden luster rich emblazed. (15) Unto the multitude in the wilderness came the prophet Moses. 17. Compound Subject, Predicate, and Object.— Sometimes the simple subject consists of two or more

words which have the same construction. The subject is then said to be a Compound Subject.

EXAMPLES:

(1) Pineapples and bananas are tropical fruits.

(2) Tom and Charles are first cousins.

(3) War, famine, and pestilence devastated the country.

(4) Time and tide wait for no man.

(5) Jack and Jill went up the hill.

Likewise we may have a Compound Predicate and a Compound Object.

EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND PREDICATE'

(1) The waves rose and fell.

(2) He sang and whistled all day long.

(3) My father designed and built this house.

(4) The horse whinnied and neighed.

(5) We stood and watched the procession.

EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND OBJECT:

(1) We built a house and a barn.

(2) I saw Charles and Mary yesterday.

(3) I enjoy a play or a novel.

(4) With the money he bought food and lodging.

(5) They raised wheat, corn, and potatoes.

The various parts of the same sentence may, of course,

be compounded.

EXAMPLES:

(1) The farmer raised and sold

wheat, corn, and potatoes.

(2) The captain and the coach struggled and labored with the

team.

(3) The soldiers and the firemen

guarded and dispensed

the

food and the water.

18. The Simple Sentence.-Sentences are classifiea, according to their structure, as Simple, Complex, and Compound.

A Simple Sentence is one which contains only one subject, predicate, and object. The subject, predicate, and object of a simple sentence may be compound (17). Thus the sentence, Thunder and lightning foretold the storm, is a simple sentence, consisting of Thunder and lightning as the compound subject, and of foretold, the predicate, and of storm, the object. It contains only one subject, one predicate, and one object, and is therefore a simple sentence. But a sentence like The thunder rolled and the lightning flashed is not a simple sentence, because it contains two subjects, thunder and lightning, and two predicates, rolled and flashed. The following are examples of simple sentences. Point out the predicate of each.

(1) He wandered o'er the hills and valleys.

(2) Hope springs eternal in the human breast.
(3) Time works wonders.

(4) Life, like a dome of many colored glass,

Stains the white radiance of eternity.

The simple sentence is often given an appearance of complexity by the presence in it of modifying word-groups, but when these groups are taken out, the simple structure becomes evident. Thus, in the last sentence above, if we remove the groups like a dome of many colored glass and of eternity, we have remaining only the simple subject, predicate, and the complete object, Life stains the white radiance.

19. The Phrase.-A group of words, like of eternity

and like a dome of many colored glass, which form parts of the sentence but do not themselves contain a verb, and therefore do not make an assertion, is called a Phrase. A phrase has the value of a single word modifying some other word; like a dome of many colored glass, for example, has the value of an adverb modifying stains, telling how life stains the radiance of eternity; of eternity has the value of an adjective modifying radiance, describing what kind of radiance is meant.

Definition: A group of words which does not contain a verb and which is used with the modifying value of a single word, is called a Phrase. A sentence may contain one, two, or more phrases, and still remain a simple sentence. The phrases in the following simple sentences are indicated by spacing and italics.

(1) I write

with my left hand.

(2) To his father he always spoke

in a very respectful way. (3) At midnight the watchman kindled the fires

tops of the highest hills.

EXERCISE.

Pick out eight phrases in Exercise 3, p. 13.

on the

20. The Clause.-When a group of words which forms part of a larger sentence itself contains a subject and predicate, we then have a Clause. Since the simple sentence is one which contains but one subject, predicate, and object, it is plain that a simple sentence cannot contain a clause. The clause, like the phrase, is always dependent upon some other word in the sentence (see 81, 122, 199). The italicised words in the following sentences are clauses. Point out the predicates of each clause.

(1) We felt relieved when we heard that.
(2) Tom supposed we would wait for him.

(3) Although we were compelled to give up our sail, we did not pass an unpleasant day.

(5) No man knows what Time has in store for him.

21. The Complex Sentence.-The Complex Sentence is one which contains two or more subjects, predicates, and, when the predicates require them, objects. The complex sentence consists of two, or more, distinct parts, the Principal Sentence, which expresses a statement, command, or question like a simple sentence, and the Subordinate Clause or Clauses, which, as the name implies, are dependent on the principal sentence. The principal sentence of a complex sentence makes complete sense when standing alone, but the subordinate clause or clauses have meaning only as they are related to other parts of the sentence. It is for this reason that they are called subordinate. The complex sentence may contain two, three, or even more, subordinate clauses.

EXAMPLES:

(1) This is the man who found my watch.

(2) The questions which he asked were difficult to answer. (3) John came, though he would have preferred to stay at home. (4) If I find it, I shall send it to you.

(5) I asked him when he would meet me.

(6) His hat, which was a new one, was blown overboard

while we were coming up the bay.

(7) After we had spent hours in looking for it, we reached the dock.

(8) The house in which we lived was surrounded by a dike

that protected it from the floods to which the region was exposed.