The Simple Predicate is the word which makes the assertion of the sentence.

The Simple Object is the word which names the person, place, or thing which is directly affected by the assertion of the predicate.

The Complete Subject, Predicate, and Object consist respectively of the simple subject, predicate, and object, with the dependent words that go with them.

The words dependent on the simple subject, predicate, and object are called the Modifiers of the subject, predicate, and object.

17. A Compound Subject, Predicate, or Object consists of two or more words in the same construction, connected by the conjunctions and, or, etc.

18. A Simple Sentence is one which contains but one subject, predicate, and object.

19. A Phrase is a group of words which does not contain a verb, and which has the value of a single word modifying some other word in the sentence.

20. A Clause is a group of words containing a subject, predicate, and if the predicate requires it, an object. The clause is always dependent upon some other word in the

sentence.

21. A Complex Sentence is one which contains two or more subjects, predicates, and when their predicates require them, objects. A complex sentence consists of a Principal Sentence and a Subordinate Clause or Clauses.

22. A Compound Sentence is one which contains two or more simple sentences joined together without sub

ordination of one to the other. The parts of a compound sentence are called its Members.

23. A Complex-Compound Sentence is a compound sentence, one or more of the members of which is a complex

sentence.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

2. Select from some book

1. Define the sentence. three sentences of twenty words or more each, and indicate the parts of which each is composed. 3. How can we have sentences of one word? 4. Why are interjections not sentences? 5. Define and illustrate by examples the Declarative, the Imperative, the Interrogative, and the Exclamatory sentence. 6. Under what conditions may a declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentence become exclamatory? 7. Illustrate the point that the kind of sentence is not dependent on the length of the sentence. 8. Define the Simple Subject, the Simple Predicate, and the Simple Object of the sentence. 9. Define the Complete Subject, Predicate, and Object of the sentence. 10. Choose five sentences from some book and give, first, the simple subjects, predicates, and objects of them (if all have objects), and second, the complete subjects, predicates, and objects. II. What is meant by the Modifiers of the subject, predicate, and object? 12. Take any short poem, in some of the sentences of which the order of words is irregular, and change the words to the regular prose order. 13. Define the term verb-phrase and illustrate by examples. 14. What is meant by a Compound Subject, Predicate, or Object? Give illustrations. 15. Define Simple, Complex, and Compound sentences. 16. Is a

sentence with a compound subject necessarily a compound sentence? 17. Define the term Phrase. 18. Define the term Clause. 19. Choose a sentence, or sentences, from some book, and point out the phrases and clauses. 20. From a connected passage in some book, pick out five simple sentences, five complex sentences, and five compound sentences.

CHAPTER III.—THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

25. How to Tell the Parts of Speech. In order to tell the part of speech to which a word belongs, observe first of all what function or duty it has to perform in the group of words of which it is a part. Its part of speech is then dependent absolutely upon this function. It often happens that the same word, at different times and in accordance with the different functions which it performs, may be of several different parts of speech. Thus the word paint, in the sentence, This paint is too yellow, is plainly a noun, since it names an object; but the same word in the sentence, We paint our house every year, is just as plainly a verb, since it states an action, what we do. The word house is a noun in This house belongs to the mayor, and a verb in The city authorities house the poor during cold weather. In the same way the word city is a noun in The city was crowded with excursionists, but in the sentence given above, The city authorities, etc., it is an adjective, because it modifies authorities by telling what kind of authorities they were. In the sentence, This red apple is the best, the word red is an adjective, modifying apple; but in the sentence, Red is a cheerful color, the word is a noun because it names an object, in this case the color, red. The word under, in the sentence, The ball under the table is mine, is a preposition, uniting the prepositional phrase

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under the table to the noun ball; but in the sentence, We always pity the under dog, under is an adjective, modifying the noun dog. Moreover, when words are quoted, as in the sentence, He said "Halt," or are simply specified, as Pronounce "moral" more distinctly, they then have the grammatical value, that is, the part of speech which is demanded by their function or use in the context in which they occur. Thus Halt in the sentence given above is there a noun, object of the verb said, because it simply states what he said, although if the word Halt stood by itself it would be an imperative verb. So also the word moral in Pronounce "moral" more distinctly, is a noun, object of the verb Pronounce; in a sentence like The moral law of the universe must be obeyed, however, it is an adjective modifying law. Always, therefore, the part of speech of a word is determined by its function, the way in which it is used, and there is no method of determining its part of speech other than that of observing what duty it has to perform in the group of words in which it occurs.

EXERCISE.

1. Tell the part of speech of each of the italicized words in the following sentences, and give your reasons for each decision:

(1) We water the flowers every day with the water from the hydrant.

(2) In the night the soldiers bridge the stream and cross to the other side.

(3) A large cross marked the spot where the bridge formerly

stood.

(4) Paper dishes will some day take the place of china.

(5) A great deal of paper is made from wood-pulp.