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lished "Poems of Two Friends" (with John Piatt), and a life of Abraham Lincoln. He was U. S. consul at Venice, 1861-65. His "Venetian Life," 1866, at once brought him into repute, and from the date of its appearance he has maintained his eminent position among those authors to whose steadfast and meritorious labors the advances of American literature since the Civil War are mainly due. "Italian Journeys" and a collection of his 'Poems" followed in 1867. After service on the New York "Nation," he edited "The Atlantic Monthly," 1871-81; "The Editor's Study "' of Harper's Magazine," 1886-91; and The Cosmopolitan," 1892. Among his works are "Suburban Sketches, 1868 Their Love Lost, a Poem of Travel," 1868; Wedding Journey," 1871; A Chance Acquaintance," 1873, and many subsequent novels; his first comedy, "The Parlor Car, 1876; A Little Girl among the Old Masters" (illustrated by his daughter Mildred), 1884; "Tuscan Cities," 1885; "Poems," 1886; "Modern Italian Poets," 1887; "A Traveller from Altruria," 1894; "My Literary Passion,' 1895; "Stops of Various Quills," poems, 1895; Impressions and Experiences," autobiographical, 1896; "Landlord at Lion's Head," 1896; A Parting and a Meeting," 1896; "A Previous Engagement," 1897. He has edited George Fuller: His Life and Works," 1886; "Library of Universal Adventure, by Sea and Land" (with T. S. Perry), 1888; and the "Poems of George Pellew," 1892. Mr. Howells was unquestionably the founder of the latterday natural school of American fiction, in which truth to every-day life is given precedence, while rhetoric, forced situations, and the arts of the melodramatist are sedulously avoided. But pathos, genuine feeling, human nature, and a delicate vein of very characteristic humor are at his own command. His later writings have been pervaded by a lofty spirit of humanitarianism, tinged with the sadness of a heart deeply moved by the enigma of life and the unequal distributions of sorrow and welfare. [E. C. s.]

HOWELLS, Winifred, b. Venice, Italy, 1863; d. Mass., 1889. Eldest child of William Dean Howells. She was a girl of endearing beauty and promise, gifted with insight, and exhibiting the poet's sensitiveness and reserve. A few of her lyrics have been embodied in her father's touching and exquisitely written memorial of her life and character. (Cp. the sonnet by Mrs. Moulton, p. 811.)

HOWLAND, Edward, socialist, b. Charleston, S. C., 1832; d. Camp La Logia, Topolobampo Colony, Sinaloa, Mexico, 1890. He was a graduate of Harvard, and, after many years of business and literary pursuits, became interested in the socialistic movement which culminated in establishment of a colony in the Fuerte valley, to which he removed with his wife, the well-known writer and reformer, Marie Howland, in 1888. Mr. and Mrs. Howland

edited "The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa," the colony organ, at Hammonton, N. J., and in Mexico, from 1885 until his death.

HOYT, Ralph, clergyman and philanthropist, b. New York, N. Y., 1806; d. there, 1878. Entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry, 1842. Published The Chant of Life, and Other Poems; ""Echoes of Memory and Emotion," poems, 1859; "Sketches of Life and Landscape," poems, 1852, new ed. 1873.

HUGHES, Rupert, b. Lancaster, Mo., 1872. He graduated at Adelbert College, Cleveland, O., and took a post-graduate course at Yale University. Has been on the editorial staffs of "Godey's Magazine and "The Criterion." His boy's book," The Lakerim Athletic Club," appeared first in the "St. Nicholas," and was published in book form in 1899.

HUNTINGTON, William Reed, D. D., b. Lowell, Mass., 1838. A Protestant Episcopal clergyman, rector of All Saints Church, Worcester, Mass., 1862-83; and of Grace Church, New York, since 1883. Author of several religious works in prose, and of "Sonnets and a Dream," 1899.

HUTCHINSON, Ellen Mackay. - See E. M. H. Cortissoz.

HUTCHISON, Percy Adams, Harvard University, Class of 1899.

HUTTON, Laurence, b. New York, N. Y., 8 Aug., 1843. Of Scottish descent. Began life as a merchant, but after 1870 was an active and scholarly man of letters, delighting in the society of his colleagues, and full of poetic devotion to the traditions of authors and literature. Dramatic critic of the N. Y. "Evening Mail," and edited "Literary Notes" in "Harper's Magazine." Author of "Plays and Players," 1575; the unique series of Literary Landmarks," which began with those of London, 1885, and extended to 1898; "Artists of the Nineteenth Century," with Mrs. Waters. Editor of "The American Actor" series, 1881-82. Mr. Hutton of late years was prominent in the literary activities of his native city, and was a founder of the Authors Club, and closely associated with Edwin Booth in the organization of "The Players," and a member of the Council of the American Copyright League. In later years resided at Princeton, N. J., and gave to its University his collection of the Life and Death Masks of celebrities. (D. Princeton, N. J., 10 June, 1904.)

"IDAS." - See John Elton Wayland.

INGALLS, John James, b. Middleton, Mass., 1833; d. 1900. After admission to the bar, he removed to Atchison. Kan., and edited the "Atchison Champion" from 1862 to 1865. He was elected to the State Senate, 1862, and to the United States Senate, 1873, 1879, 1885.

INGHAM, John Hall, lawyer, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1860. His poems contributed to magazines have never been published in col lective form.

JACKSON, Helen Maria (Fiske), “H. H.," b. Amherst, Mass., 18 Oct., 1831; d. San Francisco, Cal., 12 Aug., 1885. She was educated at Ipswich, Mass., and married at twentyone to Captain Edward Hunt, U. S. army, who died in 1863. In 1875 she became the wife of William S. Jackson, a banker of Colorado Springs. In 1883 she received the appointment of special examiner into the condition of the Mission Indians of California, her book, “A Century of Dishonor," in behalf of the Indians, having appeared in 1881. Her novel, mona, on the same subject, followed in 1884. Two other novels," Mercy Philbrick's Choice," 1876, and Hetty's Strange History," 1877, had been published in the No Name" series; Verses by H. H.," in 1870; Sonnets and Lyrics," in 1876. She is thought to have written some if not most of the Saxe Holm Stories," published in Scribner's Monthly and afterwards in two volumes.

Ra

JAMES, Alice Archer (Sewall), illustrator, b. Glendale, Ohio, 187-. Daughter of Frank Sewall, q. v.. Studied art in the foreign capitals and at Washington. Author of "Ode to Girlhood, and Other Poems," 1899.

JANVIER, Margaret Thomson, "Margaret Vandegrift," b. New Orleans, La., 1845. A sister of Thomas A. Janvier. Among her books for children are: "Under the Dog-Star," 1881;"The Absent-Minded Fairy, and Other Verses," 1883; "The Dead Doll, and Other Verses," 1888. The beautiful dramatic lyric given in this volume has been refused publication in the " Century," Atlantic," "Harper's," and other leading periodicals on what grounds of either criticism or policy it might be difficult for a lover of genuine poetry to determine. [E. C. s.]

JENKS, Tudor, editor, b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1857. Graduated from Yale in 1878, and from the law school of Columbia College, 1880. Practised law in New York City until 1887, when he joined the editorial staff of the "St. Nicholas Magazine." Author of "Century World's Fair Book," 1893; "Imaginotions: Truthless Tales," 1894.

JENNISON, Lucy White, "Owen Innsley," b. Newton, Mass., 1850. She is the daughter of Samuel Jennison, of Boston, in which city she received her education. She has resided in Italy for a number of years. Author of "Love Poems and Sonnets," 1882, and of many contributions to periodicals.

literature. Author of "The Pilgrim, and Other Poems," 1896.

"JOHNSON, Benj. F., of Boone."-See James Whitcomb Riley.

JOHNSON, Charles Frederick, b. New York, N. Y., 1836. He was graduated from Yale at the age of nineteen, and is the distinguished professor of English literature at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. He has written "Three Americans and Three Englishmen." lectures, 1886; "English Words," 1891; "What can I do for Brady, and Other Verse," 1897.

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JOHNSON, Robert Underwood, b. Washington, D. C., 12 Jan., 1853. Graduated at Earlham College, Ind. Joined the staff of the "Century Magazine," 1873, and became associate editor, 1881. Edited, with Clarence C. Buel, the Century war series and the resulting volumes entitled "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," 1887-88, and persuaded Gen. Grant to write his memoirs. For his services, as secretary of the American Copyright League, in behalf of the passage of the International Copyright bill of 1891, Mr. Johnson was decorated by the French and Italian governments.

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The Winter Hour, and Other Poems," 1891; "Songs of Liberty, and Other Poems," 1897. JOHNSON, Rossiter, man of letters, b. Rochester, N. Y., 27 Jan., 1840. A graduate of the University of Rochester. He was associate editor of the Rochester Democrat," 1864-68, and editor of the Concord, N. H., "Statesman," 1869-72. Since 1872 he has resided chiefly in New York City, where he has taken a leading part in the work and convocations of the literary guild. With John Denison Champlin and George Cary Eggleston he edited with great success the costly and unique book issued by the Authors Club, Liber Scrip torum," 1893. Author of "Phaeton Rogers," a story for boys, 1881; Idler and Poet," poems, 1833; A History of the War of Secession," 1883; Three Decades," verse, 1895. Editor of Famous Single Poems; PlayDay Poeins;" the series, "Little Classics," 18 vols. 1874-77; and Appleton's "Annual Cyclopædia," from 1883.

JOHNSON, Samuel, clergyman, b. Salem, Mass., 1822; d. North Andover, Mass., 1882. He was a graduate of Harvard, and became pastor of a Unitarian church at Salem, Mass. He edited, with Samuel Longfellow, "Hymns for Public and Private Devotion," 1846, and was himself a writer of religious verse, also publishing several works on Oriental theology.

JOHNSON, William Martin, physician. b. about 1771; d. Jamaica, L. I., Ñ. Y., 1797. Specimens of his poems appeared in articles contributed by J. H. Payne to the "Democratic Review," 1838.

JORDAN, David Starr, naturalist and educator, b. Gainesville, N. Y., 1851. A graduate of Cornell University. Dr. Jordan was president of the Indiana University, 1885-91, and resigned to become president of the Leland

Lyrics," 1897; "A Kipling Primer," 1899, republished in England; "On Life's Stairway," verse, 1900. (D. Roxbury, Mass., 1905.)

KOOPMAN, Harry Lyman, librarian, b. Freeport, Me., 1860. Graduated at Colby College, and took M. A. degree at Harvard. He filled positions as cataloguer at various Eastern libraries until his appointment as librarian of Brown University, 1893. Author of "Orestes, and Other Poems," 1888; 'Woman's Will, with Other Poems," 1888; Morrow-Songs," 1898, and catalogues of the Brown and other libraries.

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LAMAR, Mirabeau Bonaparte, b. Louisville, Ga., 1798; d. Richmond, Tex., 1859. Gen. Lamar engaged in the war for the independence of Texas, of which, as a republic, he was president from 1838 to 1841. His Verse Memorials" appeared in 1857.

LANIER, Sidney, b. Macon, Ga., 3 Feb., 1842; d. Lynn, N. C., 7 Sept., 1881. Graduated at Oglethorpe College, Midway, Ga., 1860. He was among the earliest volunteers in the Confederate army, and toward the close of the war was taken prisoner while trying to run a blockade. The pulmonary weakness which resulted in his death is perhaps traceable to his five months of captivity at Point Lookout. After teaching school in Alabama, he studied and practised law at Macon, with his father, Robert S. Lanier. Being an excellent musician, equally devoted to the practice and theory of music, the poet was first flute in the Peabody symphony concerts of Baltimore, in which city he spent the last years of his life. His first venture in literature was Tiger Lilies," 1867, a novel founded on army life. His poem, "Corn," in "Lippincott's Magazine," struck a new note, and two years later he was chosen to write the Centennial Ode for the exposition of 1876. He defined and illustrated his original conception of the relations between music and poetry in two courses of lectures, 1879-81, at Johns Hopkins University; and in "The Science of English Verse," his main work in prose, 1880. Among his other works are Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History," 1876; "Poems, 1877; the series beginning with "The Boy's Froissart," 1878; "The English Novel, and the Principles of Its Development," 1883. His "Poems," edited by his wife, with a memoir by William Hayes Ward, were published about three years after his lamented death. Cp. "Poets of America," 449-451; also, The Nature and Elements of Poetry," pp. 62, 196, 253, 282. [L. C. B.]

LARCOM, Lucy, b. Beverly, Mass., 1826; d. Boston, Mass., 1893. She was employed in the mills at Lowell, and became a literary protégé of Whittier, through contributions to his paper. Was assistant editor of "Our Young Folks" from 1866 to 1874. Among her books of verse are "Poems," 1868; An Idyl of Work," 1875; "Wild Roses of Cape Ann,” 1880; and "Poetical Works," 1885.

LARREMORE, Wilbur, lawyer, b. New York, N. Y., 1855. Editor of N. Y. Law Journal" since 1890, and author of a volume of verse, "Mother Carey's Chickens," 1888.

LATHROP, George Parsons, b. Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 25 Aug., 1851; d. New York, N. Y., 19 April, 1898. He received his education in New York and in Dresden, Germany. From 1875 to 1877 he was assistant editor of

the Atlantic Monthly," and filled other editorial positions. He removed to New York in 1883. The same year he was concerned in the organization of the American Copyright League, of which he was secretary for two years. Some of his published volumes are "Rose and Rooftree," verse, 1875; "A Study of Hawthorne," 1876; "Gettysburg, a Battle Ode," 1888; Dreams and Days," verse, 1892, and several novels, including An Echo of Passion," 1882, and "Newport," 1884.

LATHROP, Rose (Hawthorne), b. Lenox, Mass., 185. The daughter of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Her childhood was passed in Europe, where she received her education. In 1871 she was married to George Parsons Lathrop. Besides many contributions of fiction, poetry, and literary articles to the magazines, she has pubAnlished" Along the Shore," verse, 1888; nals of the Georgetown Convent" (with G. P. Lathrop), 1894, and Memories of Hawthorne," 1897. In 189- Mrs. Lathrop established in New York a home for the care of destitute women suffering from cancer.

LAWTON, William Cranston, educator, b. New Bedford, Mass., 1853. Graduated at Harvard University, and afterwards studied and travelled in Europe. For some years he has been a professor in the Adelphi College, Brooklyn. A contributor of classical essays to the periodicals, and author of "Three Dramas of Euripides," 1889; Art and Humanity in Homer," 1896; New England Poets," 1898; Successors of Homer," 1898; and of a volume of verse, Folia Dispersa," 1895.

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LAZARUS, Emma, b. New York, N. Y., 1849; d. there, 1887. Of Portuguese Jewish ancestry. She was educated at home, and began the composition of poetry at the age of fourteen. Her "Poems and Translations" was published in 1867, and was followed by "Admetus, and Other Poems," 1871. "Alide," a romance in prose drawn from Goethe's autobiography, appeared in 1874. "The Spagno letto,' a tragedy, 1876, received high praise from Emerson. In 1883 Miss Lazarus, influenced by the persecutions of the Jews in Russia.

devoted herself to a literary crusade in behalf of her race, and her subsequent writings were chiefly connected with Jewish themes. The

Dance to Death," a drama of persecution in the twelfth century, was inspired by the Russian crisis, the results of which she witnessed during her work among the refugees in New York. Her later volumes include "Poems and Ballads of Heine," translations, 1881; and 'Songs of a Semite," 1882. A complete edition of her verse, with a memoir, was published in 1888.

LEGARÉ, James Mathews, b. Charleston, N. C., 1823; d. Aiken, S. Č., 1859. He was an inventor, and contributed verse and prose articles to the magazines. "Orta-Undis, and Other Poems," was published in 1847.

LEIGH, Amy. An American song-writer, resident in California. Her song "If I but Knew," has been set to music by Wilson G. Smith.

LEISER, Joseph, rabbi, b. Canandaigua, N. Y., 1873. Of East-German Jewish parentage. Graduated at the University of Chicago. In 1896 he became the rabbi of a Jewish congregation in Springfield, Ill. Author of "Before the Dawn," poems, 1898.

LELAND, Charles Godfrey, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 15 Aug., 1824. He was graduated at Princeton, and studied at German and French universities. He practised law, and engaged in literary work and journalism in his native city until 1869, after which he resided chiefly in London, giving much time to the study of life among the gypsies, Indians, Italian witches, etc. In 1880 Mr. Leland visited America and devoted four years here to the introduction of the minor arts as a branch of instruction in the public schools. Among his volumes of verse are "Meister Karl's Sketch-Book," 1851; "Hans Breitmann's Ballads," 1868; "The Music Lesson of Confucius, and Other Poems," 1871; and "Songs of the Sea and Lays of the Land," 1895. Mr. Leland has also, among other works, made a translation of Heine's "Pictures of Travel," 1855. (D. Florence, Italy, 20 March, 1903.)

LINDSEY, William, merchant, b. Fall River, Mass., 1858. Received his education in the schools of that city. Entered on a business life, 1877, removing to Boston, 1888. Author of Apples of Istakhar," poems, 1895; "At Start and Finish," fiction, 1900.

LIPPMANN, Julie Mathilde, b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 186-. A contributor to periodicals, and author of several books for children. A volume of her collected poems is to appear.

LITCHFIELD, Grace Denio, novelist, b. New York, N. Y., 1849. The daughter of Edwin C. Litchfield. Much of her early life was spent in Europe. She became a resident of Washington, D. C., in 1888. "Mimosa Leaves," 1895, contains her collected poems. Her volumes of fiction include "The Knight of the Black Forest," 1885; and "A Hard-Won Victory," 1888. Is a sister of the author Mrs. Francese Turnbull, of Baltimore, who, with her husband, Lawrence Turnbull, established the noted lecturecourses on Poetry, at Johns Hopkins University.

LLOYD, Beatrix Demarest, b. New York, N. Y., 188-. Daughter of the late David Demarest Lloyd, the lamented journalist and playwright, and herself a young writer of short stories, plays, and verse. Miss Lloyd is a grandniece of the late Chief Justice Chase.

LODGE, George Cabot, b. Boston, Mass 1873. Son of Henry Cabot Lodge. A graduate of Harvard, 1895. -"The Song of the Wave, and Other Poems," 1898. LOINES, Russell Hillard, Columbia University, Class of 1894.

LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth, b. Portland, Me., 27 Feb., 1807; d. Cambridge, Mass., 24 Mar., 1882. The most refined of our elder poets, and for many years the one best known to American and British readers as our pioneer of sentiment, romanticism, and artistic feeling. Son of Stephen Longfellow, whose Yorkshire ancestors emigrated about 1675. Graduated at Bowdoin, where he entered the sophomore class in 1822, with N. Hawthorne as one of his classmates. From 1826 to 1829 he studied modern languages in France, Spain, Italy, Germany. He was professor of modern languages at Bowdoin in 1829-35. In 1835 he revisited Europe for a course of study preparatory to occupying the chair of modern languages at Harvard, which he held from 1836 to 1854. In 1831 he had married Miss Mary Potter of Portland, who died in Rotterdam, 1835. In 1843 he married Miss Frances Appleton, the tragedy of whose sudden death, in 1861, cast its shadow over his remaining years. The event occurred at their home in Cambridge, Craigie House, which had been the headquarters of Washington in the siege of Boston. During Longfellow's visit to England in 1868, he received the degrees of LL. D. from Cambridge, and D. C. L. from Oxford. In 1884 his bust in marble was placed in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. Samuel Longfellow's "Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," and " Final Memorials," 1886-87, were largely compiled from his brother's diaries and letters. While an undergraduate, the future American laureate published poetry in the Boston" Literary Gazette," etc.; while professor at Bowdoin, he wrote for the "North Amer ican Review; and in 1833-34 contributed to the New England Magazine" the papers called The Schoolmaster," but forming the