Physical Violence in American Families, 1976

acts addition aggression alcohol American analysis associated battered behavior Black cause Chapter child abuse child assault cohabiting compared conflict consistent couples crime criminal dependency differences drinking edited effect examined example experience experienced fact factors family violence fathers Figure findings frequently Gelles gender greater higher Hispanic husbands important incidence income increase indicate injury interview issue Journal less male marital marriage married means measure methods minor violence mothers norms objective occurred parents pattern percent person physical punishment police possible presented probability problem question reasons relationship reported respondents risk sample scale scores severe assaults severe violence shows significant slapping social spouse statistics status Straus stress structure subjective suggest survey Table theory types University variables Verbal victims White wife beating wives women York