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able sequences, omitting the notion of efficiency or power, the very thing to be considered. They resolve right into expediency; evading the very point why we distinguish so emphatically between the two. But the need of causal efficiency in an Eternal Being, to produce the transitory world; the need of intelligence in the creation and guidance of this goodly frame; the presence of divine love, in the adaptation of nature to human needs; the holinesss and justice ruling over human affairs; these are self-evident and necessary to the man who patiently, steadily looks at them; the very philosophers who have been led by vicious arguments from the infinite to attempt to deny them, nevertheless betray in unguarded moments their ineradicable faith in them. The self-evidence and necessity of these truths guarantees them to be truths of direct vision. In our power to see them lies the glory of our intellectual nature; in the power to see divine things; and it is the salvation of the soul, when, seeing divine truth, we seize it with the living and earnest grasp of faith. Herein lies the true distinction between reason and faith, whether in geometry or theology; reason sees and assents to truth; faith sees and consents, lays hold of the truth as a part of our own life. It is this ability to see and believe the things of God, which enables man to receive the revelation through the written and spoken word; and the higher the native ability of a man the greater the value of the revelation to him. It is in vain to give the best instruction in geometry to a student who is utterly deficient in mathematical power; but the best text-books and instruction are of most value to those who have the highest native genius, and who can appreciate their opportunities.

Thus also in theology; those whose vision of divine things is by nature clearest, and whose hearts are most nearly free from sin, are, in general, the very persons who most eagerly welcome, and most thoroughly profit by, the revelations made upon Mt. Sinai, and upon the mount of beatitudes, on the mount of transfiguration, on Calvary, and on Olivet. It is very difficult for us, brought up in the noonday of Christian

light, to decide how much we owe of our knowledge of God to the Teacher who spake as never man spake. We may err upon either side. We may overvalue our own ability, fail to recognize the light which flows from the divine word, and overrate our powers of unaided vision in discerning things that pertain to God. On the other hand, if we say that without Christ we have no knowledge of divine things, then we assert that man has no power to recognize the Christ; no test whereby to know that he came from God. But to fairminded observers, whether believers in divine revelation or not, it is apparent that one of the strongest arguments in favor of admitting the royal claims of Jesus, is the wonderfully beautiful coincidence of every doctrine of his discourse, and every manifestation of his character, with our own conception of what is highest, most true, most worthy of the incarnate Word of God.

ARTICLE II.

GALILEE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST.

BY REV. SELAH MERRILL, ANDOVER, MASS.

I. INTRODUCTION.

ONE gets, in general, a very poor impression of Galilee from the allusions made to it in commentaries and sermons. The province is spoken of as having been, in the time of our Lord, one of the most "obscure" and "despised" of the Roman empire; and Nazareth has the misfortune of being represented as then an "insignificant village," whose inhabitants were "ignorant," and even "immoral." Such is, perhaps, the general impression of Galilee; but it is far enough from the truth. The writers of the Gospels invariably speak of Nazareth as a "city" (πóλs), and in no case do they call it a "village” (κóμn); and it is quite probable that its population amounted to fifteen or twenty thousand

souls. As to the province itself, it was in Christ's time one of the gardens of the world-well watered, exceedingly fertile, thoroughly cultivated, and covered with a dense population.

The object of this paper is sufficiently indicated by its title. It may be said, however, that the subject could hardly be confined to the dates which bound the life of Christ. We must be allowed to illustrate our subject, to some extent, at least, both by what preceded this period, say, during the life of Herod the Great, and by what followed it, even to the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. Still, our sole object is to set forth Galilee as it was during the life of our Lord.

The work now proposed has never, so far as we are aware, been thoroughly done; and almost the only attempts in this field are those of Hausrath and Keim. But the former is very brief (hardly ten pages); and the latter, although a little fuller (about sixteen pages) does not pretend to exhaust the subject. We have patiently searched in every direction for facts which might illustrate this country at the time when "Jesus went everywhere among its cities and villages, teaching and preaching the gospel of the kingdom." But it will be seen that, instead of putting the statements of the Gospels foremost, we have kept them in reserve, and have sought to gather from all external sources those facts by which to light up the background against which the statements of the Gospels rest. We give below a brief notice of the principal books which have served us in our labors :

Keim, "Geschichte Jesu von Nazara," 3 vols. Zürich, 1867-1872. Hausrath, "Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte," vol. i. Heidelberg, 1868; vol. ii. ibid. 1872. Neubauer, "La Géographie du Talmud," 1 vol. Paris, 1868. Ritter, "Geography of Palestine," Trans. by W. L. Gage, N. Y., 1870, in 4 vols. Graetz, the 3d vol. of his "Geschichte der Juden," edition of Leipzig, 1856. Lewin, "Fasti Sacri," 1 vol. London, 1865. Schneckenburger, "Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte," 1 vol. Frankfort am Main, 1862. Lutterbeck, "Die neutestamentlichen Lehrbegriffe," 2 vols. Mainz, 1852. Gfrörer, the 1st vol. of his "Das Jahrhundert des Heils, Stuttgart,"

1838. Renan," Histoire Générale des Langues Sémitiques," 1 vol. Paris, 1863. Arnaud, "La Palestine ancienne et moderne," 1 vol. Paris, 1868. Munk, "Palestine," 1 vol. Paris, 1863. Tobler, "Nazareth," 1 vol. Berlin, 1868. Fürst, "Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte der Juden in Asien," 1 vol. Leipzig, 1849. Lightfoot, "Horae Hebraicae," edit. Robert Gandell, Oxford, 1859, in 4 vols. Thomson, "The Land and the Book," 1 vol. London, 1869. Porter, "Hand-book for Syria and Palestine"; also his " Giant Cities of Bashan," 1 vol. New York, 1867. Stanley, "Sinai and Palestine," 1 vol. New York, 1870; also his "Jewish Church," 2 vols. New York, 1863 and 1866. Robinson, "Biblical Researches," 2d edit., 3 vols. Boston, 1860. Tristram, "Natural History of the Bible," 1 vol. London, 1868; also his "The Land of Israel; a Journal, etc.," 1 vol. London, 1866. Furrer, "Wanderungen durch Palästina, 1 vol. Zürich, 1865. Smith, “Dictionary of the Bible," Amer. edition. Kitto, "Cyclop. Bib. Lit.," edit. by W. L. Alexander, 3d edition, 3 vols., 1866. Milman, "History of the Jews," 3 vols. London, 1866. Weber and Holtzmann, "Geschichte des Volkes Israel,” 2 vols. Leipzig, 1867. Herzfeld, “Geschichte des Volkes Israel," 3 vols. Braunschweig, 1847 sq. Jost, "Gesch. des Judenthums und seiner Secten," 3 vols. Leipzig, 1857 sq.; also the 2d vol. of his "Gesch. der Israeliten," edit. Berlin, 1821. Ewald, "History of Israel," Eng. trans., London, 1869 sq. Madden, "Jewish Coinage," 1 vol. London, 1864. Derenbourg, "Histoire de la Palestine, d'après des Thalmuds et les autres sources Rabbiniques," 1 vol. Paris, 1867. Schwarz, "Das heilige Land," 1 vol. Frankfort am Main, 1852. Delitzsch, "Handwerkerleben zur Zeit Jesu," Erlangen, 1868; also his "Jesus und Hillel," ibid. 1867. Conybeare and Howson, "Life and Epistles of St. Paul," 2 vols. in 1, New York, 1869. Palestine Exploration Fund, “ The Recovery of Jerusalem," 1 vol. New York, 1871, also by the same," Our Work in Palestine," 1 vol. New York, 1873. Geiger, "Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel," 1 vol. Breslau, 1857. von Raumer, "Palästina," 1 vol. Leipzig, 1835. Graetz, "Sinai et Golgotha ou les origines du Judaisme et du Christianisme," 1 vol. Paris, 1867. Rawlinson, “ Ancient Monarchies." 3 vols. New York, 1871. Josephus, edit. Dindorf, pub. Didot, 2 vols. Paris, 1845, 1847; Trans. of " Antiquities" by Whiston; Trans. of the "Wars" by Traill, edited by Isaac Taylor, 2 vols. London, 1851. Buxtorf, "Lex. Chald. Tal. et Rab.," new edit. by Fischer. Chiarini, "Le Talmud," etc., vols. Leipzig, 1831. Merivale, "History of the Romans under the Empire," 7 vols. New York, 1871. Renan, "Life of Jesus," Eng. trans., 1 vol. New York, 1871. Jahn, "Bib. Archaeology," 3d edit., 1 vol. Andover, 1832. Kenrick, "Phoenicia," 1 vol. London, 1855. Capts. Burton and Drake, “Unexplored Syria,” 2 vols. London, 1872. Van de Velde, “Syria and Palestine,” 2 vols. London, 1854. Williams, "Holy City," 2 vols. London, 1849. Wilson, "Lands of the Bible," 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1847.

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Several other important works have been used, which will be referred to in the proper place. We would refer to the notes of Isaac Taylor, in his edition of Traill's Josephus's "Wars,” as very valuable. The little work of Schneckenburger is very comprehensive and clear. Lewin's work is of great value. Neubauer's " Géographie" has been of great service to us. Dr. J. Morgenstern published, in 1870 (two pamphlets, Berlin, 1870), a severe review of it,' which review we have used in connection with Neubauer's work. On the other hand, Dr. M. A. Levy, in the "Zeitschrift der D. M. Gesellschaft," 1869, p. 699, and Dr. Geiger, in the "Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben, 1869, p. 62 sq., both praise Neubauer's " Géographie," as a work of great merit. Hausrath is always fresh and suggestive. We can, with much justice, call him the German Stanley. Keim's is a vast work; it is characterized by fulness and richness. We feel that both Keim and Delitzsch come to their conclusions, in some cases, without having examined thoroughly the evidence. But in regard to one-sided statements and hasty conclusions, Graetz is unsurpassed. His "Geschichte" is a work of great value; but he often becomes the ill-tempered partisan, rather than remains always the impartial historian. His conclusions have in many cases to be re-examined as to their evidence before they can be received as fact.

II. HOW THE COUNTRY WAS GOVERNED FROM B.C. 47
TO A.D. 66.

A brief outline is needed of the manner in which Palestine was governed during our period. In B.c. 47 Herod was appointed by his father, Antipater, military governor of Galilee, and his brother Phasaëlus military governor of Judea. In B.C. 41, Phasaëlus and Herod are appointed by Antony tetrarchs of Judea (i.e. of the whole province). In B.C. 40, Phasaëlus is taken prisoner by the Parthians, and kills himself. The same year Herod is declared king of Judea by the Roman senate. In B.C. 37 he becomes master of his kingdom, and enters upon his reign. He died in Jericho, April 2, in B.c. 4, at the age of seventy. The same year Archelaus, Herod's son, is appointed by Augustus ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea. At the same time Augustus appoints Herod Antipas, Archelaus's brother, tetrarch of Peraea and Galilee, and Herod Philip, halfbrother of Archelaus and Antipas, tetrarch of Batanaea,

1 Die französische Academie und die "Géographie des Talmuds."

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