Trachonitis, Auranitis, Paneas, and Gaulanitis.1 In A.D. 6, Archelaus is banished by Augustus, and Judea comes directly under the Romans. In A.D. 33, Herod Philip dies, and is buried in the eastern Bethsaida. In A.D. 39, Herod Antipas is banished, his wife Herodias going with him into exile. In A.D. 37, Herod Agrippa I., grandson of Herod the Great, is by Caligula made "king" of Trachonitis, i.e. of the region which had been Herod Philip's tetrarchy.2 In A.D. 41, Claudius added to his dominions Judea and Samaria, with Abilene, i.e. the tetrarchy of Lysanius, and the parts about Libanus. In A.D. 44, King Agrippa persecutes the Christians, and beheads James the brother of John, and arrests Peter. The same year Agrippa dies in a strange manner at Caesarea; has been king of Judea from A.D. 41-44. Judea comes again directly under the Romans. In A.D. 53, Agrippa II., son of the former, is by Claudius made "king" of Herod Philip's tetrarchy (Trachonitis, Auranitis, Gaulanitis, Batanaea, and Abilene).3 In A.D. 55, Agrippa II. receives from Nero, in addition to his present dominions, the cities of Tiberias and Tarichaea in Galilee, and Julias and fourteen villages about the latter, and Abila in Peraea4 In A.D. 60, he hears Paul's defence at Caesarea. He helps Vespasian in the Jewish war. Points of importance are: 1. That Herod Antipas was the only civil ruler to whom Christ was subject. 2. The very long reign of Herod Antipas. 3. The long reign of the mild and prosperous ruler, Herod Philip. 4. That Judea from A.D. 6 to A.D. 66, the time of the revolution, was governed by Roman officials, with the exception of from A.D. 41 to A.D. 44, when Herod Agrippa I. was king. The fact that Judea was thus governed will hereafter be seen to be of great importance in estimating the contrast of affairs there and in Galilee.

1 Lewin, p. 130, No. 950.

2 Ibid. p. 261, No. 1561. Ibid. p. 299, No. 1788. * Wars, 2. 13. 2; Ant. 20. 8. 4. NOTE."Ant.,' Wars," "Life," or simply "L.," signify in the following notes respectively Josephus's "Antiquities of the Jews," "Jewish Wars," and his own "Life."

VOL. XXXI. No. 121.

III. ON THE NAMES "GALILEE," AND "GALILEE OF THE GENTILES."

It does not belong to the limits of the present Article to show how this province came to be called Galilee. The origin of the word is obscure. The meaning of the phrase in Isa. ix. 1, "Galilee of the nations, or Gentiles," is by no means a settled question. Jahn is quite wrong in identifying "Galilee of the Gentiles" with "upper Galilee." The location of the twenty cities given by Solomon to Hiram is also unknown. Ewald calls these cities "small," 2 and Ritter "small and unimportant places probably," whereas the Hebrew gives no hint of that kind whatever. In our opinion they were heathen cities subject to Solomon; for Solomon would hardly have given away twenty cities occupied by Jewish people, unless he had been brought into great financial straits, which was not the case. We also claim that the cities of both upper and lower Galilee, with a very few exceptions, were occupied by a Jewish population.

IV. EXTENT OF GALILEE, AND THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS TO A SQUARE MILE.

Galilee embraced the northern portion of the country west. of the Jordan, covering in the main the territory of the four tribes, Asher, Naphtali, Zebulon, and Issachar. The boundaries of these tribes are given definitely enough in Josh. xix., but it is impossible to trace them now, because the places mentioned as marking the boundaries have not, with very few exceptions, been identified. For the same reason the boundary line of this province so explicitly laid down by 1 Bib. Arch. § 25. p. 31.

23. 292.

8 4. 334. The "Cabul" of Hiram, as to the use he makes of it, has never been satisfactorily explained. 1 Kings ix. 13: Explanations may be found in the lexicons of Gesenius and Fürst, also in Joseph. Ant. 8. 5. 3, and in Ewald, 3. 292; Ewald rejects altogether that of Josephus. For a reason why Solomon gave these cities to Hiram, see Ewald, 3. 292. In connection with Isa. ix. 1, the passage in 1 Mac. v. 15 seq., should be compared. On the name "Galilee," see Keim, 1. 308.

Josephus is lost to us, as well as the line dividing between what in his day were known as "Upper" and "Lower" Galilee. At the division of the country among the four tribes just mentioned there were in all sixty-nine cities mentioned by name. For the most part their sites are unknown. In Josephus's time this province numbered two hundred and four cities and villages. Of these Josephus mentions about forty by name. Of this forty not more than ten can be located with any great degree of certainty; perhaps as many more could be located approximately; the rest remain unidentified. The very best maps of Galilee err in trying to tell more than is absolutely known of that country. The general outline of the province may be indicated; but who at the present stage of research in regard to that country is able to locate the sixty-nine cities of Joshua, or the forty cities and villages of Josephus? This whole province awaits a careful exploration, and the field is beyond doubt a rich one for research. For instance, in Upper Galilee sixteen of the nineteen cities of Naphtali were "fortified."5 What relics, in the way of foundation stones, are still waiting to be brought to light on the hill-summits of Naphtali! Ritter calls this region "a true terra incognita." Fortunately the object we now have in view can be accomplished without knowing definitely the sites of those cities and towns which once made this province a centre of life and prosperity.

During the period under consideration the limits of Galilee may have varied somewhat with the changes in its own and neighboring rulers. Carmel once belonged to Galilee, but in Josephus's time it was under the control of the Tyrians.7 The Lake and the river Jordan may at one time have formed the eastern boundary, but the Talmud reckons Gamala and Cesarea Philippi, and also the region above Gadara as belonging to Galilee; and Graetz finds a passage which makes 1 Wars, 3. 3. 1.

.35 .Josh. xix עָרֵי מִבְצָר 6

2 Even more than 69 are mentioned; see careful account in Arnaud, 178–183. 3 Life, 45. Traill's Jos. 2. p. cxvii. € 4. 335, 377. 7 Wars, 3. 3. 1; Ritter, 4. 341. Reland, 1. 181.

Neubauer, 178, 236, 242.

Jotapata and Gischala mark the northern boundary;1 and Lightfoot gives some very good reasons why Peraea, or a portion of it, might in Christ's time have been included under the general name of "Galilee."2 The Talmud divides Galilee into upper and lower; but has also a division peculiar to itself, namely, the highland or mountainous region, where the sycamore did not grow; the plain country (Lower Galilee), where the sycamore flourished, and the valley, or the region of Tiberias.3

Where the boundaries remain so indefinite it is impossible, of course, to give the exact extent of its territory. The whole territory of Palestine, including that of the transJordanic tribes is estimated at about 11,000 square miles.1 Of the territory west of the Jordan it is safe to say that Galilee occupied about one third-perhaps a small third. Mr. Phillott's estimate is without doubt altogether too low, who allows only 930 square miles to Galilee. On the other hand Keim's estimate may be too high, who allows to it about 2000 square miles. Grove makes about 6600 square miles west of the Jordan,5 while Stanley makes of the same territory about 9000 square miles. If Stanley is right, Galilee can easily have had 2000 square miles, and even more. But how to crowd three million people or more into such a space, and have them supported? It may not have been such a difficult problem; we judge perhaps too much according to our modern ideas of room and expensive living. For instance, about the sea of Galilee, thirteen miles by seven being the size of the sea, there was a complete nest of cities, ten and perhaps twelve flourishing cities. In 1849 Malta had a population of 1182 to the square mile. The 13. 393; Tal. Gittin, 7. b.

21. 295 et seq.

8 Neubauer, 59, 62, 63, 178, and his references to Talmud; Lightfoot, 1. 336. 4 Smith's Bib. Dict. 1. 405, col. 1. Art. "Census"; see Keim, 1. 311. Smith's Bib. Dict. 3. 2286, col. 2.

S. and P. 114. Grove, 140 miles from Dan to Beersheba, and 40 miles average width from the Jordan to the Mediterranean. Stanley, 180 miles by 50 miles. Stanley, however, does not make the average breadth 50 miles, but "its breadth is rarely more than 50 miles."

county of Lancashire, England, had 1064, and that of Middlesex 6683 inhabitants to the square mile. The island of Barbadoes, with an area of about 166 square miles, without any large towns, without manufactures of any description, a purely agricultural colony, supports a population of 180,000 souls, or over 1084 to the square mile. Considering the many large cities of Galilee, its 3,000,000 inhabitants may easily have been supported on its 2000 square miles.1

V. GALILEE A REGION OF GREAT NATURAL FERTILITY AND RICHNESS.

The province to which our attention is now called, was by no means the least favored, nor the least important portion of the Holy Land. On account of its astonishing fruitfulness, its many resources, and its hardy population, it ranked next to Jerusalem in importance; "it was the bulwark of Jerusalem."2 The Gospels, in those portions of them which relate to Galilee, place us in an exceedingly fertile region, whose surface was covered with "cities and villages," which were crowded with a dense population, and full of energy and life.3 Most travellers in that country, and those writers who have studied its physical characteristics, represent it as being of great natural fertility and beauty, remarkably diversified by mountain and hill, valley and plain, springs, rivers, and lakes, while its climate is "the nearest possible approach to a perpetual spring."4 Josephus, Tacitus, the Babylonian Talmud (A.D. 500), Antoninus Martyr (A.D. 600), and almost any number since the time of the latter, have been unanimous in praising the natural beauties and resources of Galilee. Here is the most fertile soil in all Palestine." 5 To one its beautiful Lake is "the eye of Galilee." 6 The Rabbis compared the Lake to "gliding waters."7

"The shores of

Tiberias formed one of the gardens of the world." To one

1 Graetz, 3. 391, allows about 1800 square miles; Kitto's Cyclop. Bib. Lit. 2.

56, about 1250; Jahn, Bib. Arch. p. 25, § 22, about 1200.

2 Graetz, 3. 391.

3 Hausrath, 1. 8.

Jost, Gesch. der Israel. 1. 34 (Berlin ed. 1820).

7 Lightfoot, 1. 143.

Ritter, 2. 240.

6 Hausrath, 1. 4.

Ritter, 2. 240.