wisdom. The Essays "On our Judgments of other Men; on the Exercise of Benevolence; on Interviews; on Councils, Commissions, and in general on bodies of men called together to counsel or to direct," give fair specimens of the practical wisdom by which the writings of Mr. Helps are characterized. Men who are in danger of pedantry, of sacrificing plain sense to sounding periods, may derive benefit from these and other essays of Mr. Helps; from his calm method of expressing profound thought.

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY, from Thales to the present time. By Dr. Friedrich Ueberweg, late Professor of Philosophy in the University of Königsberg. Translated from the Fourth German Edition by George S. Morris, A.M., Professor of Modern Languages in the University of Michigan, and Associate of the Victoria Institute, London. Vol. II. — History of Modern Philosophy. With additions by the Translator, an Appendix on English and American Philosophy by Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale College, and an Appendix on Italian Philosophy, by Vincenzo Botta, Ph.D., late Professor of Philosophy in the University of Turin. 8vo. pp. 561. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co. 1874. This volume, as our readers are well aware, belongs to an important Series of Text-books for Colleges and Theological Seminaries. The Series is entitled: Theological and Philosophical Library, and is edited by Rev. Henry B. Smith, D.D., and Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D. The Editors could not have introduced their work with any two volumes which will command more general respect. President Porter's Appendix on English and American Philosophy forms a highly important addition to the value of the history. We might speak more at length of the whole work, but nearly all which we should say would be in its praise. Of course there are points on which students of history will differ from Ueberweg and from the authors of the two Appendices; but as a whole, the work is entitled to, and will receive, general confidence.

Two eminent Professors of the Greek and Latin languages, having been requested to write Notices of recent Greek and Latin Lexicons, have kindly sent to us the following. We trust they will prepare other similar Notices of Greek and Latin Text-books.

AN ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON. By C. D. Yonge. With many New Articles, an Appendix of Proper Names, and Pillan's Greek Synonyms. To which is prefixed an Essay on the Order of Words in Attic Greek Prose, by Charles Short, LL.D., Professor of Latin in Columbia College, New York. Edited by Henry Drisler, LL.D., Professor of Greek in Columbia College, Editor of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, etc., etc. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1870.

This beautiful volume is a contribution to classical studies of rare value, and ought to have received an earlier notice in the columns of the VOL. XXXI. No. 122.

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Bibliotheca. The original work of Yonge had the great merit not only of furnishing a copious vocabulary in a most convenient form for the use of the student in Greek prose composition, but also of so citing the authorities as to supersede the necessity which the student felt in the use of all our previous helps of the kind, of verifying every word and every construction by hunting it out again in the Greek-English lexicon. The author has shown excellent judgment in the selection, arrangement, and condensation of his materials, and his work is a suitable companion to the Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell and Scott, to which he acknowledges his obligation, as almost the basis of his own. The first edition appeared in 1849, and the second, which is the basis of the American edition, in 1856. The American editor, while he has retained the matter and the form of the original work, has made numerous additions, both in the way of correction and enlargement, and of entire Articles, drawn chiefly from the prose authors. These additions, which are distinguished by being enclosed in brackets, do not suffer by comparison with the original work, and are expressed with a brevity, modesty, and clearness which remind one, familiar with the old Graeca Majora, of the short, pithy notes which were added to that choice collection by Professor Popkin.

The Essay on the Order of Words in Attic Greek Prose occupies more than a hundred closely-printed and double-column pages, and is the only systematic treatise on this specific subject that has anywhere appeared. Taking Xenophon for his basis, Professor Short has carefully examined. under each head of inquiry, Thucydides, then the Attic Orators, and lastly Plato. Each precept is illustrated by several examples, taken chiefly from these authors, which are copied in full, referred to chapter and section, and arranged in a convenient and lucid order. These citations and references number some fifteen thousand. The table of contents prefixed to the Essay, occupying ten pages, is a concise resume of the precepts without the examples, and of itself constitutes a summary treatise on the collocation of words in Greek prose composition. We doubt if any such original and thorough work on the Greek language has been done by any other American scholar as Professor Short has done in this Essay.

An Appendix of fifty-six pages contains a list of the most important proper names in which the English are rendered by their Greek equivalents. The last hundred and fifteen pages are given to a treatise on Greek Synonyms, from the French of M. Pillan, edited with notes by Rev. T. K. Arnold, which, although not equal to Döderlein's Latin Synonyms, is a great advance on anything of the kind we had before, and supplies a felt want of students of the Greek language. The whole Lexicon is a volume of nearly a thousand pages, published by Messrs. Harpers in a form and style of unusual neatness and convenience, which combines, and makes accessible to the student, all the helps which he needs in the indispensable, but too much neglected, practice of Greek prose composition.

W. S. T.

It is now almost twenty-five years since the publication of Andrews' translation of Freund's Latin Lexicon, yet no revision of the work has been made, nor has any other appeared in this country to supersede it. Bullion's "copious and critical Latin-English Dictionary" of 1012 pages was merely an abridgment, with corrections and some changes in arrangement, of Rev. J. E. Riddle's Lexicon of 1400 pages, which was published in England in 1849, and which in turn was taken principally from Freund's smaller work. And White's Junior Student's Latin Lexicon (12mo. pp. 1058), recently republished by Ginn Brothers, Boston, is of an elementary character, and is suited only to beginners, or to a short course of Latin study.

A much more extended and complete work is the "Latin-English Dictionary by the Rev. J. T. White, D.D., Oxon, Rector of St. Martin Ludgate, London, and the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A., of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. 8vo. pp. 2103. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. It was published in 1862, but reached its fourth edition as recently as 1872. Though founded on Andrews' Freund, it was so thoroughly rewritten and enlarged as to entitle it, in the judgment of the editors, to the character of a new work. And this claim does not seem an extravagant one, when it is considered that Dr. Freund himself revised Andrews' translation throughout, corrected the etymologies to a considerable extent, and supplied new words and new meanings of words, that the copy thus revised was compared by Mr. Riddle with the German original, and that a large mass of additional matter was embodied in it by Dr. White. Besides the correction of a very large number of errors and inaccuracies of every kind in each successive edition, some of the most important respects in which this work in its latest edition is an improvement upon Andrews are:

1. The addition of words and meanings of words, particularly of words found in the Vulgate and in ecclesiastical writers, to such an amount that it contains nearly one third more matter than Andrews'. The character and extent of these additions may be illustrated by a comparison of the article ecclesia in each. In Andrews', it fills twelve lines. In White's and Riddle's it occupies a column and a third, and the definitions are arranged as follows: I. PROP. An assembly of people (of the Greek race). II. METON. A. 1. Of persons (Eccl. Lat.): a. A religious assembly of Christians, a Christian congregation. [Then follow ten other subdivisions under this head "1"]. 2. Of things (Eccl. and late Latin): A Christian place of assembly. B. (Late Lativ): Of any assembly III. FIG. Of the church as the fostering parent of believers in respect of doctrine. Under these different heads more than forty passages are quoted from the Patristic writings.

2. The revision of the etymologies of words. In this part of their work the editors have made use of such philological authorities as Bopp, Pott, Benfey, Corssen, and Fick, and cite the particular authority in each in

stance. Among the etymologies given by them, where Andrews either gives none, or an incorrect one, or states that it is unknown or doubtful, are the following: Fortis [Sanser. root Dhrish, to be courageous]. Jus [akin to Sanser. root Yu, jungere] that which joins or unites together (morally); that which is binding in its tendency or character. Murus [akin to Sanser. root Mur, to encircle]. Officium [Opes; facio] the performing or rendering aid, service, etc., whether of free will or of (external or moral) necessity. Pius [akin to Sanser. root Pu, to purify]. Totus [Sanser. root Tu, to increase]. Do, to put [akin to Sanser. root Dhâ, ponere; Gr. OH in T-On-μ], found only in compound words Indo, Condo, etc., is distinguished from Do, to give [Sanser. root Dâ, Greek Δω, praes. δίδωμι].

3. A more complete classification of the various quotations according to the principles of Syntax, as well as the insertion of additional quotations. It is only to be regretted that these improvements were not carried still further. A thorough examination of the most critical texts of the Latin authors would certainly have occasioned many more changes as regards words, forms, and orthography, and the revision of etymologies is still incomplete. Yet with all its defects in these and other particulars this Lexicon is far superior to any other in English, and in its abridged form is well adapted to the use of college students. This abridgment, prepared by Dr. White, and of about the same size as Andrews' Lexicon, contains most of the subject matter of the larger work in a condensed shape. Fewer passages are quoted, and the words which are omitted are those found only in the fragments of early authors or in late Latin; while the Italian and French words given in the appendix of the larger work are in this transferred to the end of the several articles to which they respectively belong, and many others are added.

The Handwörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache, by Dr. Reinhold Klotz, Professor in the University at Leipsic, ever since its first appearance in 1858 has been considered much superior to Freund's in many most important points, and has already advanced to a third edition.

The "copious and critical English-Latin Dictionary" of Dr. William Smith (the well-known editor of the Dictionaries of Ancient Biography, Geography, and Antiquities) and T. D. Hall, M.A., Fellow of University College, London, issued in 1870 and reprinted by Harper and Brothers, is a great advance upon Riddle and Arnold's, which was the first work of the kind at all worthy of the name, and previously the only one in use in this country. The plan of Dr. Smith's work is entirely new; and it is of great service to the student that the different senses of each English word are so carefully classified, their several Latin equivalents kept entirely distinct, and each meaning illustrated by such well-chosen examples from classic writers.

E. P. C.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS GUTHRIE, D.D., and Memoir by his Sons Rev. David K. Guthrie and Charles J. Guthrie, M.A. In two volumes. Vol. I. 12mo. pp. 424. New York: Robert Carter and Brothers.

1874.

Dr. Guthrie was born in Brechin, Forfarshire, July 12th, 1803. Among other works which he has published are the following: The Gospel in Ezekiel; the Saint's Inheritance; the Way to Life; On the Parables; Out of Harness; Speaking to the Heart; Studies of Character; the City and Ragged Schools; Man and the Gospel, and Our Father's Business. His writings are characterized, as our readers well know, by a richness, not to say exuberance, of illustration. The present volume details the history of the mode in which he was led into his illustrative style of composition. His sons wrote in their memoir: "The Trial Discourses' prescribed to him are still in existence. It is with no little curiosity and interest one examines these yellow, faded manuscripts to see whether any distinct indications of his future power can be discerned in them. But even a partial eye detects little or nothing characteristic either in their substance or their style. They are clear, cast in a more logical mould than his more recent writings, and thoroughly evangelical; but one observes with surprise an almost total absence of figurative language. It might have been expected that the youthful compositions of a man who, even in old age, scarcely wrote a sentence which had not a pictorial allusion, would have betrayed evidence of an over-exuberant fancy; but the language is absolutely unadorned, stiff, and even formal. At this period of his life, his capacity for graphic writing was of no mean order, as will be apparent from his Paris journal, and his racy and characteristic letters of the same date; but the Presbytery sermons and lectures were doubtless composed under restraint. He feared, in presence of his ecclesiastical superiors, to transgress the rules which regulated the accepted style of pulpit address" (pp. 272, 273).

In his Autobiography, Dr. Guthrie himself describes the process in which he changed his style of preaching: "With this end, I used the simplest, plainest terms, avoiding anything vulgar, but always, where possible, employing the Saxon tongue-the mother-tongue of my hearers. I studied the style of the addresses which the ancient and inspired prophets delivered to the people of Israel, and saw how, differing from dry disquisitions or a naked statement of truths, they abounded in metaphors, figures, and illustrations. I turned to the Gospels, and found that He who knew what was in man, what could best illuminate a subject, win the attention, and move the heart, used parables or illustrations, stories, comparisons, drawn from the scenes of nature and familiar life, to a large extent in his teaching; in regard to which a woman— type of the masses - said, 'The parts of the Bible I like best are the likes.'

"Taught by such models, and encouraged in my resolution by such