Credit due to Lord Kussell for having preserved Peace. 541
view more charitably and more trustfully the proceedings of others.
The refusal to attend the Congress has been the one great error of Lord Russell's administration at the Foreign Office. But for this he was less responsible than the suspicions and prejudices of the English nation. The country would not have supported a minister who proposed to accept the French proposal. One remembers how people chuckled over Punch's cartoon of "The Bulls won't come," thinking that we had done something vastly clever in declining. The press unanimously made game of the scheme, and no public man on either side has yet expressed regret for our obstinacy, except Mr. Bernal Osborne. And, after all this "cracking up" of our own wisdom, in a very Yankee fashion, what have we come to? Is not our Conference simply a restricted Congress; with the difference that troubles have broken out which the Congress might have prevented, and that wild passions have been aroused which the Congress might have kept down? Yet we may forgive Lord Russell for having deferred to the people on this point, when we think of the more vital matters on which he has opposed them, and by so doing risked both popularity and place. He has refused to be hurried into war by popular clamour. In circumstances less trying Sir Robert Walpole yielded, and plunged the nation into a contest of which he disapproved, and the miseries of which he foresaw. "They may ring their bells now," he said on the day when the Spanish war was proclaimed; "they will be wringing their hands ere long." But our Foreign Secretary is a man of different stuff. No conceivable inducement, we verily believe, could have power to make Lord Russell act in disobedience to the dictates of duty.
"I am sorry," wrote that good and wise man, Sydney Smith, towards the close of his career, "that I did not, in the execution of my self-created office as a reviewer, take an opportunity to descant a little on the miseries of war; and I think this has been unaccountably neglected in a work abounding in useful essays, and ever on the watch to propagate good and wise principles. It is not that human beings can live without occasional wars, but they may live with fewer wars, and take more just views of the evils which war inflicts upon mankind. If three men were to have their legs and arms broken, and were to remain all night exposed to the inclemency of the weather, the whole country would be in a state of the most dreadful agitation. Look at the wholesale death of a field of battle, ten acres covered with dead, and half dead, and dying; and the shrieks and agonies of many thousand human beings. There is more of misery inflicted on mankind by one year of war, than by all the civil pecula
tions and oppressions of a century. Yet it is a state into which the mass of mankind rush with the greatest avidity, hailing official murderers in scarlet, gold, and cock's feathers, as the greatest and most glorious of human creatures. It is the business of every wise and good man to set himself against this passion for military glory, which really seems to be the most fruitful source of human misery."
At a time like the present, when our political writers have so failed to urge these wholesome reflections on the popular attention, it is comforting to reflect that the issues of peace and war are in the hands of men deeply impressed with their truth. It would be difficult, we think, to pronounce a higher eulogium upon a statesman than to say that he is a lover of peace. And to this eulogium Lord Russell is fairly entitled. He has kept the balance even between the contending parties in America; unswayed by prejudice, unmoved by bitter reproaches. On the Continent his efforts have been steadily and zealously directed to avert, if it were possible, the horrors of war. Without unduly fearing diplomatic rebuffs,-the real discredit of which rests with those from whom they came, without too selfishly consulting what is called dignity, he has endeavoured honestly and frankly to express the feelings which England entertained, and announce the conduct it was prepared to adopt; and, at the same time, he has had the sense and courage to prevent the country rushing into a calamitous conflict from pique, or sympathy, or vague indignation. When the present excitement shall pass away, and when the people shall bethink themselves of what they have escaped, to have done this will be reckoned as no slight thing even among the many services which Lord Russell has rendered to his country.
ANGLO-SCOTTISH Dialect, The Old, 451; |
gradual decadence of, 451; English and
Scottish, dialects of the same language,
452; differences in Old English dialects,
453; Angles and Saxons, 454; the Scan-
dinavian element, 455; old English gram-
matical forms, 456; Anglian examples of
the peculiar imperative (2d pers. pl.),
457; Anglian peculiarities in vowels,
458; specimens from early English Psal.!
ter, 459, and from English Metrical
Homilies, 460, 461; Hampole's "Pricke
of Conscience," 462-464; extracts from,
465-468; the poems of Minot, 468; speci-
mens from the Towneley Mysteries, 469;
the Anglian tongue and that of the Scot-
tish Lowlands identical, 470.
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BACON, Lord, and his editors, 76.
Barbour, John, Scottish poet, 453.
"Bibliomania:" book-collecting, 70; impor-
tance of discrimination as to "editions,"
70, 71; Paradise Lost, 71: its early or-
thography, 72; subsequently tampered
with by editors and printers, 73, 74;
several editions of Milton characterized,
72;-works of Jeremy Taylor, 74: impor-
tant error in modern editions of his Holy
Dying, 75: errors in Pickering's edition,
75;-Lord Bacon and his editors, 76;
author's earlier and later editions, 77;
notes on books by their possessors, 78;
interest of these Marginalia," Cole-
ridge's Annotations on Southey's "Joan
of Arc," 79-84; Wordsworth's Annota-
tions on the Scriptores de Re Rustica,
84-86 his indifference about the misusage
of books, 86; an obscurity in Dante cleared
up, 87; Mrs. Coleridge's notes on Words-
worth's "Blind Highland Boy," etc., 87,
88; interesting information in Ms. notanda
by possessors of book-Logan, Michael
Bruce, Anne Countess of Argyll, 88, 89;
Rousseau's marginal notes on a copy of
A'Kempis' De Imitatione Christi, 90;
difficulties of the book-collector in Scot-
land, 91; difference between the condi-
tion of old books in Scotland and in Eng-
land accounted for, 92.
Book-collecting; see Bibliomania.
Bruce, General, Lord Elgin's brother, 285.
Burns, Robert, 451.
CHINA, river-scenery of, 279.
Christ, Life of; see Renan.
Country Life of England, 1; Scotsmen all
of some country, 2; Mr. St. John in
Moray, 3; his Wild Sports, 4; Anecdotes
of animals, 5; habits of birds, 6-8; wild-
fowl shooting, 8-12; a singular otter-hunt,
12, 13; a Highlander in Normandy, 14;
the kingfisher's nest, 15; fishing on the
sands, 16, 17; search for conger-eels by
help of a dog, 18; dinner after fishing, 19;
regularity of birds of passage, 20; "Tom
Smith," and life at Tedworth, 22; fox-
hunting, 23; study of birds, 24; the live
toad in the rock, 25; the language of birds,
26; the "bleating" of the snipe, 27; the
nightingale, 28; town and country cher-
ries, 28; the country parsonage, 29-31;
the rural newspaper, 31; English sports
and sportsmen, 32-35; the dial of sport,
35; the "Rifle movement," 36; the Eng-
lish country gentleman, 37-39.
DANTE, an obscurity in, cleared up, 87,
"Day Dreams of a Schoolmaster," 402;
characteristics of the author, 402, 403;
purpose of the book, 404; can the road
to a classical education be made shorter,
easier, more attractive? 405; proposed
reform in classical teaching, 406; author's
idea as to what a Latin grammar should
be, 407; Latin verse-making, 408; study
of Latin and Greek, the most fitting pre-
paration for critical and philosophical
study, 409; objections to author's method,
410; philological guessing and discovery,
411; criticism of ancient authors, 411-
413; specimens of the style of the book,
413-416; desirability of attention being
directed to the teaching and endowments
of schools in Scotland, 416.
Dieppe, sea-bathing at, 287.
EDUCATION; see Day Dreams.
Elgin, Lord-In Memoriam, 267; remini-
scences of, 267, 268; state of India when
he assumed the Viceroyalty, 269; speech
at a dinner at Benares, 270; description
of Agra, 271; address to Indian princes,
271; speech delivered at Delhi, 273;
Simla, the Rotung Pass, the Twig Bridge
over the Chandra, 274; his health giving
way, he is carried to Dhurmsala, 275;
sources of his consolation during his ill-
ness, 276, 277; his death, 278;-extracts
from his letters: the river scenery of
China, 279; visit to the Pyramids of
Egypt, 279, 280; the principles by which
he was actuated, 281; instances of his
political courage," 282; his doings in
China, 282, 283; his strong overruling
sense of justice, as exhibited in the various
posts he filled, 283, 284; the esteem in
which he was held in Scotland, 284,
285; his brother, General Bruce, 285.
Energy (in Natural Philosophy) 337; ex-
perience our only guide in Natural Philo-
sophy investigations, 337; characteristics
of Mayer's writings, 338; potential and
kinetic energy, 339, 340; Newton's Third
Law, 341; leading dates in the history
of the foundation of the science of energy,
342; Joule's discoveries, 343; extracts
from his lecture in Manchester, 344-346;
laws of energy, 347; exemplification of
these laws in cases occurring in nature or
experiment, 348; dissipation by friction,
349; application of the laws of energy to
the various physical forces, 350; con-
servation in electrical processes, 351, 352;
contact electricity, 353, 354; induced
currents, 355; Arago and Faraday, 356;
nature of magnetism, 357, 358; thermo-
electric currents, 359; economic produc-
tion of work, 361; physiological applica-
tion of the laws of energy, 362-365;
primordial energy of the universe, 365;
M. Verdet's Lectures, 66, 67, 367, 368.
Epic, the later Roman; see Statius.
FAROE, A Fortnight in, 287: whither shall
we go? 287; why we should not take our
wives and daughters, 288-290; reasons
for not going to Denmark and Norway,
291; reasons for going to Iceland, 292;
embarkation at Grangemouth, 293; going
to sea, 293, 294; a foul wind and sea-
sickness, 295; at last the Faroe in sight,
296; the landing, 297; Thorshaven, 298;
visit to Kirkeby-its ruined church and
happy homestead, 299; fowling in Faroe,
300-306; extinction of the Great Auk
(Gorfuglir) of Faroe, 306; geographical
remarks, 306; visit to Nolsö, 307; in
these islands, no true night" in July,
308; Professor Snuffler and the bull, 308;
on naturalists and snorers, 309; a boat
excursion planned-boats described, 310;
not the place for sportsmen, 311; Grinder!
Grinder! 312; we take to the boats, 312;
whales in sight, 313; council of chiefs on
shore, 313; every man expected to do his
duty, 314; the whale hunt begun, 315;
mode of action in the fight, 316; a
deav-
ing" uproar, 317; "I am very glad I am
not a whale," 318; the night after the
hunt, 318, 319; return to Thorshaven,
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320; appetite whetted for adventure-off
to catch gannets, 320, 321; Myggenees-
Holm, 321; gannet-catching in Faroe de-
scribed, 322; nearly caught on the Holm,
323; breakfast in Myggenoes, 324; foreign
womankind and the Queen of England,
324; Anders and his eiders, 325; the
Fulmar Petrel, 326; weather-bound on
Myggences, 327; reach Thorshaven too
late for the steamer, 328; start for Shet-
land in a boat, 329; Magnus Jónsson and
his legends, 329, 330; phosphorescence of
the sea, 331; Shetland in sight, 332; a
seal story, 332-334; Magnus's lessons in
birdlore, 334; landing in Unst, and return
home, 335; retrospect, 336.
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Foreign Policy: troublous times of Lord
Russell's reign at the Foreign Office, 507;
conduct of the Opposition, 508; attack in
the Quarterly Review, 509; America the
chief difficulty, 510; conduct of the
Messrs. Laird, 511; the Attorney-Gene-
ral on the "Georgia," 512; neutrality-
the "Alexandra," 513; debate on the
Georgia," 514; duty of excluding the
"Alabama" from our ports, 515; posi-
tion of the Conservatives were they to
accede to power at this juncture, 516;
the Danish War, 516, 517; conduct of the
Danes, 518, and of Prussia, 519; policy
of our Government, 520; should England
have interposed alone? 521; repugnance
to war with Germany, 522; did England
delude Denmark? 523; no threat of Eng.
lish interference, 524; prospects of a set-
tlement, 525; universal suffrage recog-
nised as a mode of determining the
destinies of nations, 526, 527; Poland,
527, 528; position of England with re-
gard to foreign affairs, 529; the "policy"
called Non intervention, 530; conditions
which must be fulfilled before England
will fight, 531; impossibility of keeping
thing as they are, 532; necessity of deter-
mining on a policy, 533; non-intervention
versus international law, 534; isolation
or alliances, 535; the great lesson of the
last two years, 536; the French alliance,
537; German alliances, 538; Napoleon
III., 539, 540; the Congress, 540; credit
due to Lord Russell for having preserved
peace, 541, 542.
HAROLD Hardrada, King of Norway: his
undivided sway after Magnus the Good's
death, 93; Sweyn, King of Denmark, 94;
Harold's character as a king, 95; his
difficulties in consolidating the kingdom,
96; his second marriage while Elizabeth
the first wife survived, 97; war with
Sweyn, 97-99; feud with Einar Paunch-
shaker, 99-101; treasure-trove in Norway,
101; Harold tempts Einar-they make
friends, 103; Einar treacherously mur-
dered by Harold, 105; Hacon Ivar's son,
with whom lay the feud of blood, stipu-
lates that Harold give him to wife Ragn-
hilda, King Magnus's daughter, 106,
107; Finn Arni's son, 105-108; Haldor
Snorri's son, 108-115; Haldor's quarrels
with Harold, 110-114; Harold's love for
Icelanders, 115, 116; his dealings with
Brand, another Icelander, 117; how he
came to know Stuf, one of his skalds,
118-120; events in Scotland in the reign
of Macbeth, 120; the North and South
Scottish dynasties, 121, 122; Macbeth
defeated by Earl Sigurd, 123; Harold's
first hostile act against England, 124; he
refuses Hacon an earldom, 125; his expe-
dition against Sweyn, 125, 126; the
battle of Nizza, 127, 128; Sweyn's life
saved by Hacon, 129; Sweyn's escape,
aud Harold's return to Norway, 130, 131;
jealousy between Harold and Hacon, and
subsequent quarrels, 132, 133; Hacon's
pursuit of Asmund, Sweyn's nephew, 133,
134; Hacon made Earl of Halland, 134;
the Uplands of Norway in rebellion, 135;
en of feud with Sweyn, 136; Harold's
expedition to Sweden, 137; Hacon and
his men routed, 137, 138; the Uplanders
chastised, 139; story illustrative of the
ie.ults of Harold's Upland progress on
future generations, 140-143; Norway un-
der his sway, 143.
Heat, Dynamical Theory of: What is heat?
40;
Caloric theory, 41; "specific" heat
of bodies, 42; Davy's experiments, 43;
his Chemical Philosophy, 44; Count Rum-
ford's experiments, 45; important facts
showing the extent to which the true
theory of heat had been advanced about
the beginning of the present century, 46;
Fourier's Traité de la Chaleur, 47; Car-
not on the motive power of heat, 48-52,
58; Seebeck's method of procuring work
from heat, 52; Séguin and Mayer, 52, 53,
55; Joule's investigations on the relation
between heat and mechanical effect, 54-
56; the hypothesis of Molecular Vortices,
57; Rankine and Clausius, 57; W. Thom-
son, 57-60; J. Thomson, 59; the "dissi-
pation" of energy, 62; radiant heat, 62;
the law of exchanges, 63; Stokes on Fluor-
escence, 63; the Phenomena of Phos-
phorescence, 64; - Recapitulation, 65;
M. Verdet's Lectures, 66, 67; Dr. Tyn-
dall's Lectures, 67-69. See Energy.
"KILMAHOE a Highland pastoral; with
other poems:
romantic scenery and
poetic genius-impressions produced by
Highland scenery - the Highlands no
poet of their own-Scott and Wordsworth,
169; subject of Kilmahoe, 170; national
and poetical feeling of the author, 171;
style and execution of the poem, 172; its
subject and purpose, 173; "Ingathering,"
174, 175; "The Sacramental Sabbath,"
drawn from Scottish life, 176, 177;
familiar aspects of nature and life repre-
sented in the poem, 178; a descriptive
passage quoted, 179; characteristic of
minor poems, 180; "The Moor of Ran-
noch," 181; Border and Lowland Poems,
182, 183.
LITERARY question of the Gospels, 191-195.
Loyola, 427.
MACBETH, events in Scotland in his reign,
Metrical Homilies, Ancient English, 460.
Milton his attempt to introduce into Eng-
lish regular and systematic orthography,
72; his text mutilated by editors, 74.
Missions, Christian,-Literature of, 417;
Romish histories, 418; Protestant autho-
rities, 419, 420; survey of the course of
missions, 421-the apostolic age, 422,
423; distinctive tendencies of East and
West in post apostolic times, 423, 424;
Christianity in Europe in the middle
ages, 424-426; the Culdees, 425; the
Reformation and Puritan periods, 426;
Francis Xavier, 427, 428; Father Nobili,
428, 429; the Jesuits in China, 429, and
in Japan, 430; Roman Catholic missions
in America, 430, the Jesuit Reductions,
431; summary of Romish mission-work,
432, 433; modern missions, 433: the
Moravian Hernn-huts, 434; Francke,
Carey, Andrew Fuller, 434; achievements
of the English Evangelical party, 434,
435; origin of the London Missionary
Society, 436; enterprise in the South Sea
Islands, 436-439; Christianity in India,
439 first missionary efforts strongly op-
posed, 440; the Serampore mission, 441;
efforts of the English Evangelical party,
442, 443; Scottish missionaries and their
work, 444; greater success since the
meeting of 1857, 445, 446;-minor mis-
sions: Cochin-China-Madagascar-Liv-
ingstone in South Africa-Morrison, etc,
in China, 446, 447; medical missions,
447; suggestions for consideration, 448;
question of funds, 449; Christianity essen-
tially aggressive, 450.
NORWAY; see Harold Hardrada.
RENAN-Vie de Jésus: the work charac-
terized, 184, 195; his view of the Gospels,
185-188; testimony of Papias, 188-190;
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