Saxon race in the United States, which assimilates it in some degree to that of the original inhabitants. Certain it is, that among New Englanders more particularly, a cast of countenance prevails, which usually renders it easy for any one familiar with it to point out an individual of that country in the midst of an assemblage of Englishmen ; and, although this may chiefly depend on the conformation of the soft parts, yet there is a certain sharpness and an angularity of feature about a genuine 'Yankee,' which would probably display itself in the contour of the bones. Dr. Carpenter has observed an excess of breadth between the rami of the lower jaw, giving to the lower part of the face a peculiar squareness, which is in striking contrast to the tendency to an oval, the form most common among the inhabitants of the old country. And adds thereto, it is not a little significant that the well-marked change which has thus shown itself in the course of a very few generations should tend to assimilate the AngloAmerican race to the aborigines of the country; the peculiar physiology here adverted to most assuredly presenting a transition, however slight, towards that of the North American Indians.* The evidence which I have thus gathered from Dr. Carpenter's valuable paper, shows most convincingly from history and physiology, that there is no difficulty whatever in receiving the Scripture statement that all the races of men are the offspring of one pair created at the beginning. (2). The questioning of the descent of all the tribes of

* Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology, pp. 1302–1345.

men from one stock has been put by some in a form for Has mankind which, strange to say, the support of Scripseveral origins? ture has been claimed. The distinguished naturalist Agassiz, following, as it would appear, Dr. Nott of America, has avowed it as his belief, that 'there was no common central origin for man, but an indefinite number of separate creations, from which the races of men have sprung; ** and he boldly asserts that Scripture supports this view. Scripture and Science, therefore, are not at variance according to him; and we

* See this fully examined and refuted in Dr. Thomas Smyth's Unity of the Human Races, published in America, where this new and preposterous theory, while it has found some able opponents, is not wanting in warm admirers; as it appears to countenance the notion, that the slaves are of a race to whom the blessings of Christianity are not promised; for, according to this hypothesis, they are not descended from Adam!

Another writer gives this view also. "God hath made of one blood," said the Apostle Paul, in addressing himself to the élite of Athens," all nations for to dwell on the face of the earth." Such, on this special head, is the testimony of Revelation, and such is the conclusion of our highest scientific authorities. The question has indeed been raised in these latter times, whether each species of animals may not have been originally created, not by single pairs, or in single centres, but by several pairs, and in several centres, and, of course, the human species among the rest. And the query-for in reality it amounts to nothing more-has been favourably entertained on the other side of the Atlantic, where there are uneasy consciences, that would find comfort in the belief that Zamboo, the blackamoor who was lynched for getting tired of slavery and hard blows, was an animal in no way akin to his master. And on purely scientific grounds it is of course difficult to prove a negative in the case, just as it would be difficult to prove a negative were the question to be, whether the planet Venus was not composed of quartz-rock, or the planet Mars of old red sandstone. But the portion of the problem really solvable by science, the identity of the human race under all its conditions and in all its varieties, science has solved.'-Hugh Miller's Testimony of the Rocks, 1857, p. 249.

so far agree in our results. But both his premises being false, he furnishes an instance of an apparent agreement arising from a double error, in the interpretation both of Revelation and Nature. His first premiss is, that Science requires this view. But what is his argument? Solely one of analogy. He has started a general hypothesis, that among plants and the lower animals, identity of species does not necessarily imply identity of origin. He assumes that analogy should lead us to apply the same to the various races of men now inhabiting the world. But analogy is not demonstration. Moreover, to make his analogy worth anything even as an analogy, he must show that his theory is true in the case of all the lower animals, and not that it is probably the case with some. He must show that man, whom we except, is the only exception, before his principle of analogy can be of any service whatever. If indeed we admit this kind of reasoning, analogy will rather turn against such a conclusion. For there are varieties-individual, family, and national—in any one race of men, fully as difficult of explanation as the diversities of races one from another.* Analogy would therefore lead us to infer, that as these varieties, singular as they are, are known to belong to the same race, so the probability is that the several races-though differing, but not with wider distinctions than the varieties in each-all belong to one stock.

But the Professor's second premiss is, if possible, still more unwarrantable. He asserts that the Scrip

*Unity of the Human Races, pp. 364, 371.

tures countenance this view. The groundwork of his assertion is the following passage: 'And Cain went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land of Nod. And he builded a city, and called the name

of the city after the name of his son, Enoch' (Gen. iv. 16, 17). His inference is, that there must have been men to form the city; whereas, now that Abel was dead, Cain and his son, as far as Scripture acquaints us, were the sole descendants of Adam. The Professor thus peoples the land of Nod with descendants of another race distinct from Adam, and upon this flimsy basis grounds his assertion, even in the face of those plain and decisive statements of Scripture which I have already quoted, in which Eve is declared to be the mother of all living, and St. Paul informs us, that God made of one blood all nations of men. The abovementioned argument, strange to say, has been advanced by a writer avowing his belief in Scripture, and speaking of its sacred pages with reverence, and who holds also a high place among the scientific observers of the day. Adam was 130 years old when Seth was born, a substitute for Abel (Gen. iv. 25; v. 3). If, then, Abel, was slain in the previous year, Cain cannot have been much less then 130 years old when he went forth into the land of Nod. During this time his own descendants, according to the ordinary laws of human increase, might have amounted to a considerable population.*

Cain's descendants may have been many

* An island first occupied by a few shipwrecked English in 1589, and discovered by a Dutch vessel in 1667, is said to have been found peopled after eighty years by 12,000 souls, all the descendants of four mothers.'-Quoted in Dr. Smyth's Work, p. 375.

thousands, especially when we remember the lengthened lives of those who lived before the Flood; and to these are to be added the descendants of Cain's brothers and sisters, not named (Gen. v. 4); and men enough would be found among them to build and inhabit a city. The very name, moreover, of the land to which Cain wandered, implied that it received its designation from him, and not from any people already inhabiting it; for Nod means 'wandering.'

These views and kindred views regarding the Deluge, the composition of the Pentateuch, and other such questions, Mr. Lecky informs us (Rationalism in Europe, vol. i. p. 323: 3rd ed.), were advanced so far back as the middle of the seventeenth century by a French writer, M. La Peyrère, a Protestant who afterwards went over to the Church of Rome, recanted his views, and did not complete his work, the first part only having been then published.

There are two recent authors on this subject on whose works I will make a few brief remarks. They both receive the Holy Scriptures as inspired; they both suppose that there have been different races of men on the earth having different origins. Both write in a style, more flowing than solid and convincing. The first, in a book called Pre-adamite Man, considers that the Adam of the first chapter of Genesis was the progenitor of a race from which we are not descended; but that the Adam of the second chapter is our forefather. This, however, will not stand examination. For when our Lord said to the Pharisees, 'The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath. Therefore the Son of man is Lord also of the Sabbath'