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used by animals-Abstraction, Self-consciousness-Language
-Sense of beauty-Belief in God, spiritual agencies, super-
stitions
PAGI
65
CHAPTER IV.
COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER
ANIMALS-Continued.
The moral sense-Fundamental proposition-The qualities of
social animals-Origin of sociability-Struggle between opposed
instincts-Man a social animal-The more enduring social in-
stincts conquer other less persistent instincts-The social virtues
alone regarded by savages-The self-regarding virtues acquired
at a later stage of development-The importance of the judg-
ment of the members of the same community on conduct-
Transmission of moral tendencies-Summary
CHAPTER V.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL
FACULTIES DURING PRIMEVAL AND CIVILISED TIMES.
Advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selec-
tion-Importance of imitation-Social and moral faculties—
Their development within the limits of the same tribe-Natural
selection as affecting civilised nations-Evidence that civilised
nations were once barbarous
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE AFFINITIES AND GENEALOGY OF MAN.
Position of man in the animal series-The natural system genea-
logical-Adaptive characters of slight value-Various small
points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana—
Rank of man in the natural system-Birthplace and antiquity
of man-Absence of fossil connecting-links-Lower stages in
the genealogy of man, as inferred, firstly from his affinities and
secondly from his structure-Early androgynous condition of
the Vertebrata-Conclusion
97
127
116
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE RACES OF MAN.
The nature and value of specific characters-Application to the
races of man-Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking
the so-called races of man as distinct species-Sub-species-
Monogenists and polygenists-Convergence of character-
Numerous points of resemblance in body and mind between the
most distinct races of man-The state of man when he first
spread over the earth-Each race not descended from a single
pair-The extinction of races-The formation of races-The
effects of crossing-Slight influence of the direct action of the
conditions of life-Slight or no influence of natural selection
Sexual selection
PAGE
166
PART II.
SEXUAL SELECTION.
CHAPTER VIII.
PRINCIPLES OF SEXUAL SELECTION,
Secondary sexual characters-Sexual selection-Manner of action
-Excess of males-Polygamy-The male alone generally
modified through sexual selection-Eagerness of the male-
Variability of the male-Choice exerted by the female-Sexual
compared with natural selection-Inheritance at corresponding
periods of life, at corresponding seasons of the year, and as
limited by sex-Relations between the several forms of inheri-
tance-Causes why one sex and the young are not modified
through sexual selection-Supplement on the proportional num-
bers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom-The
proportion of the sexes in relation to natural selection.
CHAPTER IX.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE LOWER CLASSES OF
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
These characters absent in the lowest classes-Brilliant colours-
Mollusca-Annelids-Crustacea, secondary sexual characters
strongly developed; dimorphism; colour; characters not ac-
quired before maturity-Spiders, sexual colours of; stridulation
by the males-Myriapoda
207
260
CHAPTER X.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF INSECTS.
Liversified structures possessed by the males for seizing the
females-Differences between the sexes, of which the mean-
ing is not understood-Difference in size between the sexes—
Thysanura-Diptera-Hemiptera-Homoptera, musical powers
possessed by the males alone-Orthoptera, musical instruments
of the males, much diversified in structure; pugnacity; colours—
Neuroptera sexual differences in colour-Hymenoptera, pug-
nacity and colours-Coleoptera, colours; furnished with great
horns, apparently as an ornament; battles; stridulating organs
generally common to both sexes
CHAPTER XL
INSECTS, continued.-ORDER LEPIDOPTERA,
(BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.)
Courtship of butterflies-Battles-Ticking noise-Colours common
to both sexes, or more brilliant in the males-Examples-Not
due to the direct action of the conditions of life-Colours
adapted for protection-Colours of moths-Display-Perceptive
powers of the Lepidoptera-Variability-Causes of the difference
in colour between the males and females-Mimicry, female
butterflies more brilliantly coloured than the males-Bright
colours of caterpillars-Summary and concluding remarks on
the secondary sexual characters of insects-Birds and insects
compared
274
307
CHAPTER XII.
SECONDARY SEXUÁL CHARACTERS OF FISHES, AMPHIBIANS, and
REPTILES.
FISHES: Courtship and battles of the males-Larger size of the
females-Males, bright colours and ornamental appendages;
other strange characters-Colours and appendages acquired by
the males during the breeding-season alone-Fishes with both
sexes brilliantly coloured-Protective colours-The less con-
spicuous colours of the female cannot be accounted for on the
principle of protection-Male fishes building nests, and taking
charge of the ova and young. AMPHIBIANS: Differences in
structure and colour between the sexes-Vocal organs. REP-
TILES: Chelonians-Crocodiles-Snakes, colours in some cases
protective — Lizards, battles of — Ornamental appendages -
Strange differences in structure between the sexes-Colours-
Sexual differences almost as great as with birds
CHAPTER XIII.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF BIRDS.
Sexual differences-Law of battle-Special weapons-Vocal
organg-Instrumental music-Love-antics and dances-Deoc-
rations, permanent and seasonal-Double and single annual
moults-Display of ornaments by the males
320
836
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CHAPTER XİV.
BIRDS continued.
Úhoice exerted by the female-Length of courtship--Unpaired
birds-Mental qualities and taste for the beautiful-Preference
or antipathy shewn by the female for particular males-Vari-
ability of birds-Variations sometimes abrupt-Laws of varia-
tion-Formation of ocelli-Gradations of character-Case of
Peacock, Argus pheasant, and Urosticte
CHAPTER XV.
Discussion as to why the males alone of some species, and both
sexes of others are brightly coloured-On sexually-limited
inheritance, as applied to various structures and to brightly-
coloured plumage-Nidification in relation to colour-Loss of
nuptial plumage during the winter
404
444
The immature plumage in relation to the character of the plumage
in both sexes when adult-Six classes of cases-Sexual differ-
ences between the males of closely-allied or representative
species-The female assuming the characters of the male-
Plumage of the young in relation to the summer and winter
plumage of the adults-On the increase of beauty in the birds
of the world-Protective colouring-Conspicuously-coloured
birds-Novelty appreciated-Summary of the four chapters on
birds
CHAPTER XVII.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAMMALS.
The law of battle-Special weapons, confined to the males-Cause
of absence of weapons in the female-Weapons common to both
sexes, yet primarily acquired by the male-Other uses of such
weapons-Their high importance-Greater size of the male—
Means of defence-On the preference shewn by either sex in the
pairing of quadrupeds
463
500
CHAPTER XVIII.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAMMALS—Continued.
Voice-Remarkable sexual peculiarities in seals-Odour-Develop-
ment of the hair-Colour of the hair and skin-Anomalous
case of the female being more ornamented than the male-
Colour and ornaments due to sexual selection-Colour acquired
for the sake of protection-Colour, though common to both
sexes, often due to sexual selection-On the disappearance of
spots and stripes in adult quadrupeds-On the colours and orna-
ments of the Quadrumana-Summary
525
PART III.
SEXUAL SELECTION IN RELATION TO MAN
AND CONCLUSION.
CHAPTER XIX.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAN
Differences between man and woman-Causes of such differences,
and of certain characters common to both sexes-Law of battle
-Differences in mental powers, and voice-On the influence
of beauty in determining the marriages of mankind—Attention
paid by savages to ornaments-Their ideas of beauty in woman
-The tendency to exaggerate each natural peculiarity
CHAPTER XX.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAN-continued.
On the effects of the continued selection of women according to a
different standard of beauty in each race-On the causes which
interfere with sexual selection in civilised and savage nations
-Conditions favourable to sexual selection during primeval
times-On the manner of action of sexual selection with man-
kind-On the women in savage tribes having some power to
choose their husbands-Absence of hair on the body, and
development of the beard-Colour of the skin—Summary
CHAPTER XXI.
GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.
Main conclusion that man is descended from some lower form-
Manner of development-Genealogy of man-Intellectual and
moral facultios--Sexual selection-Concluding remarka
556
585
606