in Europe has always appeared to them" a statement which foreshadowed many later declarations.

Mr. Johnson asserts that by the close of Washington's second administration the fundamental principles of American foreign policy had been laid-independence and equal sovereignty, neutrality, freedom of the seas, complete separation from European politics, and the Americanism expressed in the dominance of the United States on the North American continent—and he finds in the later century of foreign relations scarcely a new principle, but merely the extension and development of the earlier principles of external relations and policies.

To John Adams, whose administration is called the "crisis of nationality," he gives credit for being the first great advocate of the development of American power at sea. In a chapter on "Complete Nationality" he emphasizes the fact that the Louisiana purchase gave the United States unquestioned dominance of North America and a further hope for separation from European affairs. Then in a chapter on the second war with Great Britain he emphasizes how impossible was isolation and how important is sea power in international relations.

He treats the vital essential principle of the Monroe Doctrine, based upon the universal principle of self-defense, as "the final capstone of American independence," a declaration of diplomatic independence and a logical conclusion of European emigration to America. The expansion of American interests and foreign relationships, following the assertion of the Monroe Doctrine, he attributes largely to the clear enunciation of the "world power status" and the establishment of the independence of the Latin American states.

The author has chosen to burn his bridges behind him-evidently because he has not intended to write a technical treatise. He presents not a single foot-note in citation of any authority, nor the least indication of the sources from which any statement has been derived, but there is abundant evidence that he has industriously used reliable sources in gathering his matter.

Although the investigation seems thorough, a number of minor inaccuracies of statement are disclosed. What is the evidence that Jefferson obtained his expansion policy from Hamilton? (Vol. I, p. 160). Did Daschkoff sever diplomatic relations on October 31, 1816? (Vol. I, pp. 297 and 298). He took leave on March 6, 1819. Baron Tuyl was not appointed in 1816, soon after the reception of William Pinckney at St. Petersburg, and was not the immediate successor of "the egregious

Daschkoff" (p. 299). Not until April 19, 1823, did he present his credentials, as the author himself states in another connection (p. 317). He was the successor of Chevalier Pierre de Poletica, who arrived at Washington in May, 1819, but, in the absence of the President, did not present his credentials until August, 1819. What is the authority for the statement that J. Q. Adams became the American Minister to Denmark following the negotiation of the Anglo-American treaty of peace at Ghent? (Vol. I, p. 299). The United States had no diplomatic representative to Denmark, after the departure of Erving in May, 1812, until the arrival of Henry Wheaton as chargé in 1827. Thomas Sumter was sent in 1809 to the Portuguese court residing in Brazil, and not to Portugal (Vol. I, p. 299). Poinsett was not "succeeded by Col. Anthony Butler" in 1835 (Vol. I, p. 381). He took leave of the Mexican Government on December 25, 1829, and Butler was already commissioned as chargé d'affaires over two months earlier (October 12). William L. Scruggs (not "William E.") was commissioned Minister Resident to Colombia on April 9, 1873 (Vol. II, p. 186).

Mr. Johnson's volumes will help to make better citizens, and they deserve careful study.

J. M. CALLAHAN.

PERIODICAL LITERATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

[For Table of Abbreviations see Chronicle of International Events, p. 898]

Aerial War. Emploi abusif des aérostats de guerre par les Allemands. Ed. Clunet. Clunet, 43:385.

Aliens. Alien enemies in French and German courts. Law J., 51:13. Jan.

Constitutional law, equal protection of the laws, and state legislation discriminating against aliens. L. E. L. Univ. of Penna. L. R. 64:616. April. Interned alien enemy, right to sue in courts of belligerent. Yale L. J.,

25:510.

Need of federal legislation in respect to mob violence in cases of lynching of aliens. C. H. Watson. Yale L. J., 25:561. May.

Arabic. Case (The) of the Arabic. Edwin Maxey. Canada L. T., 36:471. June. Armed Neutrality. Neutralité (La) armée maritime. 1771-1782. G. Labouchère. La Nouvelle R., 24(1):95. July.

Armenia. Armenians and Armenian interests under Russia. Geo. F. Herrick. R. of R., 54:80. July.

Armenie (L'). Les massacres et la question d'Orient. Foi et Vie, 19:107. April.

Belgium. Considerations sur l'avenir de la Belgique. X. Bib. Univ. et R. Suisse, 82:401. June.

Clunet, Edouard. Maître Edouard Clunet. Louis Renault and Thomas E. Holland. J. of Society of Comparative Legislation, 16:102. July.

Contraband of War. Attitude (L') allemande en matière de contrebande de guerre. N. T. Clunet, 43:1145.

Contrebande (La) de guerre dans le conflit actuel. G. Phillimore. Clunet, 43:453, 831.

Vivres (Les) et le contrebande de guerre. Clunet, 43:1162.

Diplomatic Agents. Presidential special agents in diplomacy. Henry Merritt Wriston. American Pol. Sci. R., 10:481. Aug.

Economic Entente. Allies (The) economic conference. N. Y. Times Current History, 4:923.

August.

Commercial league of defence. Edinburgh R., 224:89.

Commercial war. A. E. Duchesne. Empire R., 30:27. July.

Conference (La) économique. * * * J. des Économistes, 1916:22. July. Conferences (Les) économiques des Allies. Biard d'Aunet. La Correspondent, 225:112. July.

Defense économique contre l'Allemagne. Vicomte Georges d'Avenel. R. des deux Mondes, 34(3):619. Aug.

Trade after the war. Edward R. Dayton. Empire R., 30:262. July. European War. Après la guerre. Etienne Lamy. Le Correspondant, 224:193. July.

An Austrian reply to Sir Edward Grey. Baron Burian. N. Y. Times Current History, 4:859. Aug.

A propos des dangers de la guerre économique. Max Hoschiller. R. de Paris, 40:219. July.

Cabinet ministers on Peace Terms. Official views on both sides. N. Y. Times Current History, 4:725. July.

Conséquences de guerre. L'organisation économique des allies. Maurice Alfana. Nouvelle R., 24(3):179. Aug.

Englische (Der) Arbeiter im Weltkrieg. Karl Leuthner. Sozialistische Monats., 22:198.

German (The) Chancellor and peace. 19th Century, 80:1. July.

Guerre (La) et les contrats. André Lebon. R. Soc. et R. politique et Parlementaire, 86:161. May.

Lebensmittel. Maximillian Harden. Die Zukunft, May 13, 1916. French translation: Le paix par le droit, 26:275. June.

July.

Little (The) nations and the war. E. Bruce Mitford. Fortnightly, 100:45.

Mars nacht noch. Maximillian Harden. Die Zukunft, 24:185. March. Origines (Les) de la guerre. Henri Chardon. R. Bleue, 54:429. July. Peace (The) problem. John Bassett Moore. N. Amer. R., 204:75. July. [Probleme bu Buduszhago mira.] (Russian text.) (Problems of the coming peace.) M. Lurre. Vestnik Evrop, 51:326. May.

.

Punt (Het) van uitgang. C. van Vollenhoven. De Gids, 1916(3):271. Aug.

Réparation (La) des dommages industriels causes par les Allemands dans le Nord de la France. P. Fauchille. R. gén. de dr. int. pub., 23:280.

Sujets (Les) ennemis devant les tribunaux français. Ed. Clunet. Clunet, 43:1089.

Théories (Les) politiques de l'Allemagne moderne et l'avenir international de l'Europe. Georges Poignant. B. Mensuel de la Societe de Legis. Comp., 44:157. April-June.

Extradition. Extradition (L') de Garfunkel. Clunet, 43:534.

Foreigners. Étrangers (Les) à Paris d'après le dernier recensement. Clunet, 43:1151. Étrangirs (Les) devant l'impot general sur le revenu. A. Wahl. Clunet,

43:1096.

Foreign Policy. Common sense in foreign policy. W. R. Shepherd. Pol. Sci. Q., 31:122. March.

President's administration of foreign affairs. David Jayne Hill. N. American R. 204:345. Sept.

France. Naturalisation et francisation. G. Gruffy. Clunet, 43:1106.

Germany. Are Americans fair to Germany? Gottlieb von Jagow (German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs). N. Y. Times Current History, 4:701. July. Jurisprudence allemande relative à diverses questions nées de la guerre. E. Dreyfus. Clunet, 43:1121.

Greece. Greece. E. J. Dillon. Contemporary R., 100:137. Aug.

Hague Conferences. Deux erreurs des conférences de la Haye. Ch. Bruston. La paix par le droit, 26:10. Jan.

De Zuid-Afrikaanische Republieken en de Vredes-conferentie van 1899. W. H. de Beaufort. De Gids, 1916(2):465. June.

Immigration. Administrative decisions in connection with immigration. L. F. Post. Amer. Pol. Sci. R., 10:251. May.

International Joint Commission. International (The) Joint Commission. L. J. Burpee. J. of Comparative Legislation, 16:5. Jan.

International Law. Cosmopolitan custom and international law. Fr. Pollock. Harvard L. R., 29:565. April.

England's seizures of mails. H. Wittmaack. N. Y. Times Current History, 4:716. July.

Guerre (La) actuelle et le droit des gens. A. Pillet. R. gén. de dr. int. pub. 23:203.

International law after the war. Lawyer and Banker, 9:74. April.

International law through German glasses. German law to be international law. Canadian L. J., 52:84. March.

Neutral trade and international law. Law Times, 140:315. Feb.

Normas de derecho internacional en la guerra aerea. Rufino V. Garcia.

R. derecho y Legislacion, 5:25. Feb.

Notion actuelle du droit et du droit international chez les jurists allemands. J. Bonnecase. Clunet, 43:1147.

Position (The) of troops belonging to foreign belligerent armies interned in Holland. P. R. Blok. International Law Notes, 2:101. July.

Reconstruction of international law. F. von Liszt. Univ. of Penna. L. R., 64:765. June.

Rights of belligerents. International Law Notes, 1:88, 106. June-July. Violation systématique des lois de guerre par les Austro-Allemands. Les sanctions nécessaires. P. Pic. R. gén. de dr. int. pub., 23:243.

International Police. International organization and police. James L. Tryon. Yale Law J., 25:513. May.

Italy. Condition des Allemands en Italie postérieurement à la declaration de guerre à l'Autriche. J. Valéry. Clunet, 43:405.

Raisons (Les) morales de la guerre Italienne. Georgio del Vecchio. La Reforma Sociale, 71:493. June.

Japan. America and the Russo-Japanese alliance. Paul V. Collins. R. of R., 54:303. Sept.

Japan and America. Dr. Takamine. Forum, 56:223. Aug.

League of Neutrals. Ligue (La) des neutres. Clunet, 43:1377.

Literary and Artistic Property. Allemagne (L') et la protection internationale de la propriété littéraire et artistique pendant la guerre. Clunet, 43:550. Lusitania, The. Diplomatic ruptures. The Lusitania. Law Times, 140:314. Feb. Maritime Law. Armement (L') des navires de commerce pour leur défense. W. Hale et J. Valery. Clunet, 43:1140.

Bedarf es der Gewinnung überseeischer Stützpunkte, um den Verkehr Künftighin gegen maritime Abfperrmassregeln Englands zu sichern? Von einem österreichisch-ungarischen Diplomaten a. D. Deutsche R., 41:70. April.

April.

Belligerents and neutrals at sea. Norman Bentwich. Law Q. R., 32:214.