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was sometimes used as a state prison. It is about ten miles N. E. of Scutari.

The lot of this people was various, till about the close of the fourteenth century, when they obtained independence from the Kings of Bohemia. At intervals Cattaro has supported bloody wars against the Balgas, princes of Zenta and Montenegro; and others, less violent, against the Ragusans.

Since

A. D. 1361, Cattaro has been closely allied with its neighbours of Ragusa, as well as with those of Antivari and Dulcigno. This little state having terminated hostilities on all sides, and being delivered from every dependence on the Kings of Bosnia, was governed by its own laws till A. D. 1410; when, being terrified at the colossal power of the Turks, which had recently conquered the adjacent provinces, the inhabitants of Cattaro determined, that, to insure their 'safety, it was proper they should submit themselves to the republic of Venice. The principal terms of the treaty were, that Cattaro should retain the form of its government, that the Venetians should support the expenses of the administration, by means of the imports they received at the custom-house; and that, if ever the republic of Venice should be unable to protect its new subjects, it should never cede its rights of sovereignty to any, but should restore to Cattaro its former independence, according to the tenor of this agreement. When Venice ceased to be a government, May 12, 1797, the inhabitants of Cattaro exerted their right of self-disposal, and coalesced with Austria, July 4, of that year. The Austrians accordingly took possession of the place.

Cattaro is an old city, but well built and strong: its inhabitants may amount to 1400. Castelnuovo may comprise 1800, and is also well fortified; it was built in 1372 by Guarto, King of Bohemia, and belonged to the Venetians since 1087. Budua, another city of Albania, was received under their protection in the fifteenth century.

In this country, was also situated, the little republic of Poglizza, which was governed by its own laws till 1797, and which still retained trials by ordeals of fire and water.

The inhabitants of this country cultivate corn, in the plains near the sea; but not enough for their consumption, their husbandry being very laborious. They have excellent wine; and all the fruits of the South

of Europe. They attend assiduously to the care of bees, and of silk-worms.

We cannot take upon us to state the precise terms of the contract between Austria and Cattaro; but as every thing leads to the inference, that they were similar to those made with Venice, we doubt not, but that this city had restricted Austria from transferring its Sovereignty to any other power; and had stipulated for the exercise of its right to resume its independency, whenever Austria

ceased to be its protector and governor. When Dalmatia, then was by that power ceded to France, Cattaro had a right to choose its sovereign afresh; it chose Russia; but whether it expressed this choice by any public and civil act of agreement and compact, we do not know. It is however clear that Austria had no pretensions to subject Cattaro to French dominion; and that France in demanding such subjection, advanced a claim, unfounded in point of right: though perfectly agreeable to the grasping system of its ambitious ruler.

Speculation, extended somewhat further, on the projects of Bonaparte, leads us to conclude from his having taken possession of Dalmatia, and of Ragusa, and, especially, his having assured Turkey of his benevolent intentions towards her, that his design is, to establish himself on the east of the Adriatic, to take advantage of the forests, and other conveniencies afforded by these parts, to create a navy here, from whence to occupy the shores and ports of Greece, at his pleasure, while his ariny marches by land into the heart of the country. It is therefore important to him not to suffer such a strong fortress as Cattaro, and a harbour so excellent as its gulph, to acknowledge any other master than himself, as the fleets which might here be fitted out, almost in absolute silence, would counteract his projects, perhaps ruin his navy, and on some critical occasion by intercepting supplies, would endanger the very existence of his army. Of this, Cattaro would be capable, if in the hands of Russia: but, if Russia should admit the savage English, also, into this port, those plans which had so long employed the contrivance, the ambition, and the peisevering spirit of their insatiable projector, would vanish into air.

REMARKS ON THE ENGRAVINGS.

Plate I. Represents the approach to Cattaro from the sea. The narrow mouth of the gulph, rendered still narrower, by an island which divides the opening into two entrances will strike the reader as a formidable passage for vessels to attempt to force. But, if they should succeed in the attempt, the second passage is contracted into a pass so winding, and at the same time, so effectually commanded by the land, as to leave little probability of further penetration. Yet would not a hostile fleet be arrived at Cattaro; a third narrow opposing its progress. We say nothing of the various winds requisite in such an attempt. We understand that these basons have suflicient depth of water to admit large vessels, and the inner gulph, as the reader will observe, has on an average, 16 to 20 fathoms of

water.

Plate II. Is a plan of the town of Cattaro and its fortifications: which may be devided into two parts. First, the town itself. This stands on a surface nearly level on the

shore, in shape almost triangular, filled with buildings, and surrounded by walls and other defences. Two faces of this triangle are washed by the sea; the third is backed by mountainous acclivities, passable only by zigzags, and defended by proper works. On the brow of each sharp and rugged hill, are works which command the recesses below them, where practicable, and the summit is crowned by another series of circumvallation, which almost characterizes it, as a separate fortress. The whole comprises several miles of fortifications.

Explanation of the References.

1. The Citadel.-2. Quarters newly erected. 3. Residence of the state-prisoners.4. Powder magazines.-5. Piazza Magna. 6. Piazza Battaglia.-7. New flank, called Renicr.— 8. Another piazza, with two guns.

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9. Piazza Sorango, under it are Casemates.- 10. Piazza S. Marco, with a passage marked t.- 11. Piazza S. Gerolimo.— 12. Tower of Contarini.- 13. Tower of Loredan. 14. New piazza, not finished, by the Cavalier Pelegrino, now called Posto Priuli. 15. Posto Pelegrine.— 16. Posto Pedochio. 17. Platform under Posto Pedochio, called S. Antonio.- 18. River gate. 19. Bastion Vendramin.- 20. Curtain of S. Dominic.- 21. Demi-Bastion Campana.- 22. Sea gate.- 23. Platform Valier. 24. Platform Corner. 25. Platform S. Francis.- 26. Cavalier Gordichio, above the gateway. 27. Gate Gordichio 28. Piazza with Barracks, above the Cavalier Gordichio.- 29. Inferior Lunette. 30. Middle Lunette.- -31. Superior Lunette. 32. Three risings, defended with artillery and musquetry. 33. Piazza, with a battery, commanding the three risings.34. Three risings, defended by musquetry.35. Piazza Stephano. 36. Barracks built

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the Cavalier of the same. Work called the Tenaglia, defended only by musquetry, with barracks.- 38. Ancient postern still existing. 39. Gate with barracks called Of the Precipice.-40. Three works a little elevated above the others, intended only for musquetry. 41. Gateway and quarter Of the Precipice.-42. A place left unfortified on account of its being inaccessible. 43. Wall raised to prevent access, 44. Mill piazza, with a battery.Public Edifice lately erected. 46. Piazza S. Triffon. 47. Piazza S. Joseph.- 48. Piazza S. Rocco, 49 Church of La Madonna della Salute. 50. Magazine of Stores and biscuit. 51. Military hospital.

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45.

52. Cathedral of S. Triffon.- 53. Covered way opposite to the gate Gordichio, with a counterscarp and glacis towards the country.

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THAT every gentleman, farmer, and manufacturer, of every description whatever, employing men, women, labourers, and artificers, shall deduct from the weekly pay of persons employed in the following proportion, viz.

One penny out of every shilling, from every unmarried person, above the age of fifteen; and the same sum from every married person having no children. Three farthings from every married person having only one child. A halipenny per week from every married person having two children: and as an inducement to the labourers, servants, and artificers, to contribute with cheerfulness what is intended for their future benefit and welfare, it is proposed that married persons, having three children living, should not only be exempt from any payment whatever, but that the full deduction of a penny, in proportion to their weekly pay, should be contributed to this fund out of the poor

rates.

It is presumed that a fund, thus established, would greatly contribute to the population of the kingdom, and give the day labourer, servant, and artificer, a strong interest in the preservation of the established government and welfare of the country (objects of the greatest national importance), and in a few years greatly tend to lessen the great and enormous expence of the Poor Rates, an evil that has, of late, increased to a most alarming degree, and which naturally tends to injure the morals, debase the minds, and lessen the industry of the people.

The Rev. Mr. Townshend, in his Travels through Spain, giving an account of a poor house established at Barcelona, adds the following particulars:

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Although no persons can be better clad, better fed, better attended, or better lodged, or can meet with greater tenderness when they are ill, they cannot readily forget the loss of liberty. All these comforts are despised, when compared with freedom; and few besides the most decrepid would remain within those walls, if they could be permitted to beg from door to door. This principle, however, is productive of much good; for, most of the young men in Barcelona form themselves into clubs for mutual relief, in the same manner, and nearly upon the plan, adopted by our friendly societies in England. They are upon the most respectable footing; and, being well conducted, leave none but the most improvident and worthless subjects to be disgraced by confinement."

To promote these parish clubs or friendly societies, a regulation might be adopted, that no person should receive relief at their own

dwellings, who had not contributed to the fund above-mentioned, as a further inducement to their subscribing to it.

Besides, many other little comforts might be added; such as tea, sugar, tobacco, clothing, bedding, &c. which the fund would speedily be enabled to provide.

It has been objected to the plan for raising a fund from a deduction from wages, that it is compulsory; this might, in some respect, be obviated. That if, in the first instance, necessary to make it compulsory, to prevent its being thought a grievance, it might be enacted, that any person who had contribued to this fund might withdraw the money subscribed; but, in this case, not to receive any of the benefits annexed to the fund either arising from interest or the other advantages derived from it.

It might likewise be enacted, that persons withdrawing their money from the fund (or to avoid the compulsory part of the act not subscribing to it) when requiring relief, should be sent to the work-house, and not relieved at their own dwellings. This would operate powerfully in favour of the subscription, and prove one of the strongest inducements in promoting such an establishment.

The sums to be subscribed to this fund are, by many, thought, too high. This objection is easily removed by lowering them, if the principle is approved.

An abolition of all Poor Rates on the present system.

MONEY for the Poor to be raised, as in Scotland, by voluntary contribution; if not sufficient, a county or a hundred rate may be resorted to, which the law authorises in Scotland; but is in very few instances levied. -Relief, when required, to be given to the poor at their own dwellings.

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A small quantity of land to be added to every cottage, at a moderate rent.

If land cannot, with convenience, be annexed to the cottage, a quantity of land, in proportion to the population of the parish, to be divided among poor families, according to their number of children at a moderate rate.

This plan has been tried in a parish adjoining to mine, (at Newton, under the patronage of Thomas Estcourt, Esq.) and, after a trial of four years, has been found completely to answer, from a statement made by him to the Board of Agriculture; and, at their desire, printed for the use of the members.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE THOUSAND-HEADED CABBAGE, COMPARED WITH THE CABBAGES COMMONLY CULTIVATED IN ENGLAND, BY M. L.

IT was supposed by the Royal Society of Agriculture at London, that the very valuable species of cabbage, called the thousand-headed, had been lost more than a century ago. Not finding it cultivated in England, I eagerly procured it from Poitou, now commonly called La Vendée, knowing by experience, that the said country is indebted to this plant for the numerous and beautiful flocks which are fed there, and which supply the largest markets in France, particularly that of Poissy, for the consumption of Paris. My trial having succeeded to the full extent of my expectations, I am anxious to make it public, as an inadequate tribute of my gratitude to a generous nation, from which I have experienced the most liberal hospitality. It requires no manure, except a small sprinkling of ashes; and is not frost bitten. I have fattened a heifer that preferred it to turnips, which was not the case with other cabbages. The common cabbages yield only one crop; the thousandheaded cabbage yields three. The first consists of the large leaves, in October and November; the second, of the shoots, in January and February; and the third of the whole plant, in May and June; provided that the roots be slightly horse-hoed at the end of March.

I have fattened a cow with these cabbages, which, during the seven or eight weeks of her fattening, consumed no more than three hundred oil-cakes. The thousand-headed cabbage is excellent for labouring oxen. In Poitou they are fed on nothing else in September, October, November, part of December, March, and April. This might prove an additional advantage, in a country where tillage with oxen is too much neglected, and wants encouragement.

These cabbages may be planted in July; and though in that case a full crop is not to be expected, yet, if the plants be placed rather closer than usual, a very beneficial produce may be obtained. The possibility of planting them at the end of July, affords an excellent substitute for the best turnip-lands, when a drought in June and July has render ed the sowing of turnips impracticable.

It is probable that the seed of the thousandheaded cabbage, made into oil, like that of rape, would yield more than the latter, without prejudice to two previous very abundant crops of leaves and shoots, for cattle.

The following advantages might be reaped from it, on grounds where they thrive the best. Let us suppose a farm on which five hundred sheep are reared: about fifty acres will be required for turnips. If, instead of this, only twenty acres of turnips were sown,

* In French, Chou à mille tétes

for the part of the flock intended to be fattened, and as a supply for the remainder in March and April, and twenty-five acres were planted with the thousand-headed cabbage, which would require no more than six waggon loads of ashes for manure, the sayings would be as follow:

1st. Thirty loads of some kind of manure. 2d. At least £10 on the score of labour. 3d. With the crop of leaves, and with oil-cakes, three oxen or cows might be fattened during September, October, and November, without detriment to the sheep.

Directions. The seed must be sown in the month of March, in a sheltered spot, and in good ground, well prepared, as for other small seeds. About the end of May or beginning of June, the plants should be carefully drawn and taken to the ground where they are to be planted, such ground having been previously ploughed and cleaned, as for turnips. A handful of ashes should then be put regularly on those spots of the furrows where each plant is to be set, either in exact square or in the quincunx manner.

The first cabbage harvest, or time for gathering the leaves for use, is from the middle of September to the end of November; the second harvest is in the months of January and February, of the branches, which must be broken off without injuring the top of the stalks; and the third in the months of May and June. In the gathering, the outer leaves should be taken off close to the stalks; but not so as to injure them, and prevent their throwing out for the second and third crops.

MR. ETON'S REPRESENTATION OF THE NATURE AND ADVANTAGES OF THE TRADE TO THE BLACK SEA.

This gentleman was sent by government to the southern parts of Russia, in October, 1803, to procure naval stores and provisions; and came back from Russia to England, last May, by order of government, to give information respecting the state of things in those parts.

Extract of a letter to his Excellency Mr. Cameron, his Majesty's Civil Commissioner in Malta and Gozo, and their Dependencies.

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Valetta, Sept. 8, 1801.-Sir,-In obedience to the orders of Lord Hobart, which have had the goodness to signify to me, have the honour to state to you such information as I have collected in my travels and residence in Turkey, in the South of Russia, and the Archipelago, respecting the means of supplying Malta with corn.

The corn of the Morea is of secondary quality, and not proper for putting into granaries for a considerable length of time; yet supplies from thence are often very necessary in the present state of things. Sicily and Tu

nis furnish the best hard corn for preservation; but it frequently happens that Malta is disappointed in its expectations of supplies from those parts, and obliged to pay very high prices.

If the Universita could constantly be supplied with corn at a reasonable rate, with a certainty of supply not failing, that establishment would be a source of great and constant revenue, not subject, as it now is, to losses in years of scarcity in the Mediterranean and the Archipelago; and though, upon the average of many years, there is considerable profit, it is a desirable object to avoid loss in any year whatever, and to be freed from any dependence on others. There is, however, an object which Lord Hobart has in view, of a much greater magnitude, and which I had the honor to represent to his Lordship's predecessor, the establishing at Malta a granary, not alone for the consumption of this island for two years, but to be able to supply Great Britain itself in years of scarcity.

This great object only can be attained, I will again venture to aflirm, by the naviga tion of the Black Sea by British vessels.

The great services rendered to the Ottoman Empire by Great Britain, and the friendly position of the two powers, can leave no doubt of the readiness of the Porte, at this moment, to grant to his Majesty's subjects a liberty, which those of Russia and Austria enjoy but however unwilling they may be, at present, to refuse us any favour, yet when their dependence on us ceases, it may meet with insurmountable obstacles.

The wheat from the neighbourhood of Taganrok is equal in quality to that of Sicily, that from the west side of the Crimea and Poland is of two sorts, the hard red wheat and the pale softer. The former is most proper for preservation in granaries. The prices of corn, in these parts, are, when highest, so much below the prices in common in the Mediterranean, that it will always be advantageous to import it from thence. But a much greater advantage is the certainty of obtaining a large supply at all times.

It is not necessary to mention to you, that naval stores of all kinds, and masts, may be imported from the Black Sea, considerably cheaper than from the Baltic. I am, &c. W.ETON. In consequence of this representation, Mr. E. was commissioned to purchase

40,000 Quarters of wheat,

1,000 Casks of salted beef,

1,000 Casks of salted pork, cured in the Irish or English manner, so as to be of unexceptionable qua lity,

200 Tons of raw hemp,

200 Tons of cordage of different sizes, Masts and spars for the value of € ΕΚ

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Sail-cloth of several sorts, £

Iron and anchors where ballast is required.

We also learn from these letters, that Greek and other foreign vessels brought to the Mediterranean 180,000 quarters of wheat, (there being so great a scarcity, that from Malta we supplied Sicily with several cargoes) by which they gained 21. sterling a quarter; that Malta is now supplied with corn from Odessa to great advantage; and that Lord Melville had proposed building ships, and loading them with timber, by which the freight would be wholly saved, and ships of the line furnished of the best materials (of Anatolian oak) and very cheap.

With regard to the price at which naval stores may be shipped at the black Sea ports, compared with the prices at the Baltic ports, I have to observe, says Mr. E. that they all, without exception, are the produce of countries intersected by rivers which run into the Black Sea, and that to St. Petersburgh or Riga, they must be conveyed against the stream and by long land carriage: the one must therefore be inuch cheaper than the other exclusively of saving time. Another advantage attends the Black Sea commerce: merchants or others may purchase in the interior from the first hands: they may have their hemp braaked and dressed for their own account, so that the dressers will have no interest in mixing it; they may see their masts and timber felled at the proper season, and only pay when they receive the goods on the spot, avoiding the risk of trusting to intermediate dealers and saving their profits. Merchants

in the Baltic ports are prohibited trade in the interior, and must trust to Russian contractors, to whom they advance an half, or threefourths of the value.

To facilitate this commerce the greatest exertions are making by the Russian government, and very large sums are expending. An uninterrupted water communication will be very soon opened from the mines of Siberia and the most distant provinces to the Euxine, where the duties are also diminished one quarter. It is no more a secret, that Russia is endeavouring to become a naval power in that sea.

It is to France, on account of geographical position, they look for the trade of the south, which at any time may be the whole trade of the empire; and Russia, should she ever quariel with England, may shut her Baltic ports, without being distressed to export her products. Whether it be policy in this country to endeavour to get possession of this

trade during a war which excludes France, and to preserve it hereafter, by the superior capitals, credit, and intelligence of our own people, or leave to France to have by this trade as binding a connexion with Russia, as we have by that of the Baltic, a man need be no great statesman to decide.

The jealousy of our merchants at St. Petersburgh and Riga is as outrageous as it is illfounded. That trade can suffer only the loss of as much as foreigners will take, if we do not, and that is principally the supplying of countries bordering on the Mediterranean. Our own trade between Great Britain and the Baltic will be little diminished. The Black Sea will be a new trade.

I therefore run little risk in affirming, that by exporting naval stores from the Black Sea ports, and encouraging the adventures of our merchants, we may acquire an additional tie, to bind more strongly the two countries in amity and good understanding.

It is a sea known only to the French, who sent thither an astronomer in 1787.

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The wheat I sent to Malta, I bought up the country, and it cost 20 per cent. less than that purchased by the agents from Malta at. Odessa and Cherson, is infinitely superior in quality, and the measure 125 per cent. better.

Salted beef of the best quality may be delivered on board at about three halfpence a pound. The price of pork fed on barley, I am not able to state exactly.

From Caffa to London, is 3,291 miles.

[From Letters printed by Mr. ETON, for private communication among his friends.— Jan. 1, 1806.]

The following particulars are taken from A Concise Account of the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea: for which the public is obliged to the same communicative friend.

The coast of Anatolia, from Constantinople to Sinope, was surveyed by Mr. ETON, in 1777, and by the French astronomer, Beauchamp, in 1787. Their latitudes and longitudes of principal places agree within a mile; but much is still wanting.

The French are in possession of many sur♦ veys of different parts of the coast, and all Beauchamp's labours have not been published. We know that those of Captain Truguet, and Lieut. Le Roy, are kept secret.

Mr. Arrowsmith's chart of the Black Sea is in general preferable to that published last year at St. Petersburgh.

All these parts are frozen from the end of December or January till February or March. Odessa is not often entirely frozen up, but the navigation is made, during a considerable time, unsafe by drift ice. Cafia, on the contrary, is open and safe all the year, though the Port and Straits of Kerteh are completely frozen over, and the navigation of the Asoph

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