We consider ourselves as extremely obliged to Mr. Brayley for his intended kindness in the above correction: On turning to Sir R. C. H. vol. I. p. lxxxi. lines 8 and 9, we find the words "at Newington, near London, &c." as, in fact, transcribed in our Review. In a note to this page, Sir R. has repeated Hasted's Information, respecting Keycol hill, Crockfield, &c. referring to 8vo. edit. Vol. VI. p. 44. And in his Map he marks the place of a battle about 38 miles from London, and not at Newington near London. The error appears to have been a slip of the pen in Sir R. It is not noticed in the "Corrections" to his volume.

To the Editor of the LITERARY PANORAMA. Our correspondent will excuse our omitting the introductory part of his letter, since that contains hard names: but we willingly insert the argumentative part of it, since that contains hard reasons.

-But, as your reviewer, Sir, has not thought proper to suggest any argument in opposition to Mr. Stone, I beg leave to supply that defect; for such I must be allowed to consider it.

Supposing him to be born at Nazareth, he was not of Judah, but of Galillee: he was not of Bethlehem, by the terms of the affirmation: he was not descended from David, or at least, there could be no proof of it: for how should the town records of Bethlehem concern themselves about a birth at Nazareth? Ergo: he could not be Messiah:

It appears, that those who were unacquainted with the early history of Jesus, uniformly considered him as a Galillean: Math. xxi. 11. Luke xxiii. 6. et seq. John vii. 41. They also unanimously described him as born at Nazareth, and this was a circumstance of such direct opposition to a justly founded characteristic mark of Messiah, that we can-^ not but approve of Saul's opposing with all his might the prevalence of Jesus born at Nazareth. Indeed, a prominent topic of discussion between those who favoured and those who opposed Jesus, was--the place of his birth: and unless we can prove negatively, that he was not born at Nazareth, or in Galillee, as the Jews affirm; and positively, that he was born in Judah, and in Bethlehem, of which our only proof lies in these to be exploded chapters-then we have no (complete) rational evidence to produce, nor any (decisive) reasons to justify us, in supporting our national faith; and the whole of Christianity crumbies to atoms before our faces. Such is

it happens, that no other parts of the Gospels but these impugned chapters prove this fact; so that if we had not these chapters, whatever we might think of the person nicknamed "Jesus born at Naza

reth," "Jesus the Nazarene," we could not prove that we received as the Messiah, Jesus born at Bethlehem, we could not prove that this person traced his descent from David, still less in the immediate line, and direct descent, from him; we could not even prove that he was of the tribe of Judah; all which particulars are alsolutely indispensable, in determining the person of Messiah: because, we readily admit so much of Mr. Stone's principle, as to accept Jewish prophecy for one criterion, and a principal one too, of the truth of Christianity.

And then, Sir, what will follow ?-That the Jews in rejecting Jesus born at Nazareth, as Messiah, were perfectly laudable: for he was defective in a main branch of that evidence which was necessary, indispensably necessary, to vindicate his claim to this title.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
FIDELIS.

To the Editor of the LITERARY PANORAMA. SIR-There is an inaccuracy observable in your theatrical report, in the second number

a

the Panorama, it have

ofendeney to injure, in the public estimation, an actor of acknowledged merit and unobtrusive manners, I beg leave to correct. It is stated" Mr. Melvin made his debut in the character of Walter in The Children in the Wood." This, however, is not the fact. Mr. Melvin made his debut in Gossamer in "Laugh when you Can," and Michael in "The Adopted Child," and was received in both those characters with the greatest applause. He has since assumed, with equal success, the characters of Walter, Abednego in The Jew and the Doctor," and Bob Handy in Speed the Plough." In your critique on his Walter, his faults only are noticed; how far it may be just to enumerate among them a want of attention to nature, those who have seen his Michael or his Walter, can best determine.

I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
Hollorn,
G. P. C.

Nov. 13th 1806.
We need only refer this gentleman to what
he has already perused on a foregoing page.

ceived; and who relieved his wants. He left that place at the beginning of spring; he learned that he was then 200 leagues from the great Cataract, that 200 leagues more would bring him to high mountains, from whence the river springs, and that by crossing these mountains he would arrive at the shores of the south sea. We shall if this mission return successful, know all that part of America, the coasts of which have been so ably laid down by Vancouver.

It were to be wished that other travellers would visit the neighbourhood of Hudson's Bay, and Baffin's Bay, and survey the most northern parts of America and Greenland.

Several voyages have been undertaken, by order of the Emperor of Russia. The return of that under Captain Krusenstern, we have noticed; and shall report the details when they are published.

NATURAL HISTORY.

This branch of knowledge is cultivated with unwearied diligence by many learned men, and several discoveries have rewarded their labours.

ZOOLOGY.

Man.

We shall not, however, reckon as discoveries those announced in certain dissertations on that variety of our species, which under the name of Boschimans inhabits the circumjacencies to the extreme settlements of the Cape of Good Hope. Accounts of that unfortunate race, have only led us to wish, that their intolerable hardships may be alleviated by British humanity, without caring, or even inquiring, what, indeed, is hard to determine, whether they formerly had a nose like our own, by what means it dwindled to its present diminutive shape, or how they are likely to improve that important feature; for instance, whether by the use of a handkerchief? to all which most interesting questions Peron's voyages have given rise.

Nor do we give an entire credit to his too general assertion, that man, in a savage state, is inferior in strength to man in a state of civilization; with the single exception of the savages of North America. This may be true of the enfeebled races of New Holland, and of those of the Indian Archipelago, to which may possibly be added the tribes observed by Humboldt and Bonpland on the banks of the Orenoco, Amazon, and Rio Negro: but this must be attributed to causes not connected with the savage state; among others to the powerful influence of climate. The contrary opinion seems to be nearer the truth; the northen Barbarians, who breathed the keen air of their native forests, proved superior in stature and in strength to their civilized neighbours; nor can we help thinking that the historical monuments of their prowess, deserve more credit than experiments

Some French anatomists pretend to have discovered a strange lusus naturæ.

Dupuytrem has given an account of a foetus found in the abdomen of a boy. From his infancy the boy complained of an acute pain in the left side. At the age of thirteen, a considerable and painful swelling took place; a fever intervened, and he voided by stools foetid and purulent matter. Soon after he voided, in the same manner, a ball of hair, and six weeks after, he died.

The body was opened by MM. Guerin and Bertin de Mardelles. who discovered a bag attached to the arch at the colon and communicating with it; they found in that bag hairs, and a mass of matter, having some resemblance to a human fœtus.

On dissecting this mass they discovered the outlines of a head, of a spine, some traces of the spinal medulla, of brains and of other organs; a pelvis, and most of the human limbs half formed. A short umbilical cord was inserted in the mesocolon of the boy, and contained a vein and an artery, whose ramifications extended to the foetus.

From these observations Dupuytrem concludes, that this foetus was a twin of the boy, that it fastened itself to his mesocolon, froin whence it drew nourishment, as is the case in all extra uterine conceptions. The foetus perished only at the death of the boy.

BOTANY.

So many works have been published on this head, that merely to notice them, would swell this article into a catalogue; they only contain descriptions of plants growing in particular districts.

Koeler has ventured a new system on the buds and ramifications of plants, in opposi

tion to that of Linnæus and Hales: but not equally satisfactory.

Micropile.

This science is more indebted to Turpin, who has proved that all the ovula contained in the ovary of a plant, have a small hole on one side, as the point by which they are fastened in it, and which he calls micropile [sinall door]. Some botanists had already remarked this little orifice; but he has as. certained its existence in all ovula and that it is easily seen in most seeds, when come to maturity. The radicula of the embryo constantly points towards this micropile; from whence the author concludes, that through this opening the prolific liquor of the anthera is introduced, and the ovulum impregnated.

PHYSIOLOGY.

We are already acquainted with a great number of animals and of plants, but much is still wanting in physiology; that is in the knowledge of the mechanism of their functions.

Some attempts have been made to ascertain the organ of voice in birds, and in several of the mammiferous classes.

It has been ascertained by Davy that azote was absorbed by animals in respiration; contrary to the received opinion, which represented that gas as highly detrimental. These experiments have been confirmed by Pfaff.

Azote is even absorbed by the pores, as Spallanzani has proved, by experiments on animals recently killed. Delametherie has ascertained that it is also absorbed by plants. Of the cause of Death in drowned Animals.

It was believed by the ancients that the cause of death in drowned animals was the water penetrating into the lungs. Experiments proved the fallacy of that opinion; it was then pretended that the blood, not only lost the stimulus necessary to excite the organ's of respiration, but that it even had, under these circumstances a sedative effect, which deprived the nerves of their irritability.

To ascertain how far these various opinions might be founded, Berger has made a number of experiments on drowned animals, which he has compared with some, suffocated by other means: the result is, that the cessation of irritability is not the cause of death in these cases; since, in opening the bodies, the several organs were found to retain this principle but the small quantity of air remaining in the lungs, contained little or no oxigene. By following those researches, Berger has ascertained that to the privation of this fluid, death must be attributed in cases of suffocation or drowning, and that animals perish, when the air they breathe contains only 0,04 of oxigene. The atmospherical air generally contains 0,20 or 0,21.-This

may be worth the attention of the Humane Society.

Some researches into the secretions of aniconclusive; the same may be said of atmals, offer nothing very interesting or very tempts to ascertain the several functions of plants, which have been perhaps too much certainly possess a great degree of analogy; assimilated to animal functions, though they this analogy has even induced the Academy of Vilua to propose as a prize question,What is the cause of sickness in plants ?

MINERALOGY.

This science seems to have arrived at a point which admits of but few improvements, and this year's labours have been more creditable to mineralogists, than eminently useful.

Of Nicolanum.

Richter had long suspected, that the Nickel mines in Saxony, which produce cobalt, copper, arsenic, and iron, contained also other metallic substances. He thinks he has at last succeeded in obtaining a new metal, which from its affinity to nickel he calls nicolanum. But the characters he gives

of this substance, do not warrant our adought to be done with caution. It may be mitting it as yet, as a new metal, which nothing but nickel alloyed with some other substance.

Platina

From experiments made by several respectable chymists, on this metal, it seems that it is composed of sundry distinct substances. No less than five have been reckoned, but the results of those experiments do not exactly tally with each other, and we must wait for further information.

Native Iron.

The existence of native iron is no longer doubted. Proust has discovered it in some ore sent to him from Mexico, by Del Rio. After reducing that ore to powder, he found that the magnet attracted several ferruginous oxide of iron, but having put this substance particles, which he took at first for black into sulphuric acid he obtained hydrogene gas, as pure as from filings of iron.

Twenty-nine different mineralogic substances, mostly little known, have been submitted to chymical analysis, withont offering any thing very remarkable, except a stone from Cinapecuaro in Mexico, which on being examined by Vauguelin, has afforded the first instance of a substance of this kind, containing at the same time potasse and soda.

Lavas have also been chymically analysed, but the result of those operations we reserve for the article of Volcanoes.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.

Further researches in this branch of mi

neralogy have had the usual effect of all deep studies, that of "sobering the brain." It is no longer considered as the only requisite necessary to complete a mineralogist, as some enthusiasts had asserted. The usefulness of its concomitant assistance, in discovering the nature of minerals, is not denied; but its insufficiency alone, is also ascertained. No less than 28 metallic substances are supposed to adopt in their crystallisation, the cubical or octoedrical form, and many are known never to crystallise: "I have,' says an experienced mineralogist, "walked 900 "miles on foot, with a hammer in my hand, "breaking ore at every step, and I have not "found a single crystallisation;" how would he have known the nature of the minerals he met with, had he had no other resource than crystallography?

This does not in the least diminish the merit of Romè de Lisle and Bergmann, the· creators of that science, and who really gave it no more importance than what it deserves. The exaggerations of their too fond disciples are only removed by this decision, and crystallography still remains a useful assistant, but not our only guide.

OF VOLCANOES.

This year has been marked by terrible explosions of Volcanoes in Italy. Vesuvius, since its last explosion, in the month of August, 1804, had shewn no signs of fresh disturbances, till July 28, when a commotion shook most of the houses in Naples; its centre seems however to have been at some distance, in the county of Molina, where several towns and villages were almost entirely destroyed; and 30,000 of the inhabitants lost their lives.

Soon after this, Vesuvius appeared agitated; at last on August 12, 1805, a violent eruption ensued, and the lava took its direction towards the sea, with incredible velocity.

Many celebrated naturalists, such as Humboldt, Buck, the Duke Della Torre, GuyLussac, &c. were eye-witnesses, and have Dublished accounts of it.

"We ascended Vesuvius, says Buck, July 28, and went as near the crater as possible. It appeared quite different from what I had seen it in 1799. It was a chaos of hills and valleys intermixed in the strangest manner. We perceived a kind of perpendicular wall, nearly 500 feet in height; and quite close to it the openings of the furnace. We felt several slight commotions followed by eruptions of vapours exceedingly black and dense. Those vapours were certainly in a great measure aqueous; but their smell struck us all simultaneously:" it smells like as

phaltos:" we exclaimed, turning to each other," this smell is exactly that of petro*‹ leum." This we experienced at each

successive emission of these vapours, which were, besides, most decidedly acid. One of the crevices of the crater was covered with a coat of common salt, two or three inches in thickness."

"August 12, the eruption took place : the lava rushed forth from the crater with such an astonishing rapidity, that in five hours it reached the sea, a distance of two leagues." They saw the lava run without interruption during seven days; it was still running when they left the place. They do not know at what period it stopped. "What an astonishing mass says Buck! What force could have heaved up that lava with such a regularity! and for such a length of time!"

This lava contained muriate of copper like that of 1804; and in general, all volcanic matters exposed to chemical analysis, have produced a considerable quantity of soda, muriatic acid, and even common salt, or muriate of sodą.

Humboldt has given us entirely new details. on the Volcanoes of America. "The Cordillièra, or chain of the Andes," says he, "which runs from the streights of Magellan to the Northern regions opposite Asia, an. extent of above two thousand leagues, contains above fifty Volcanoes, still burning; a very small number of which, and those of a less altitude, emit melted lavas. Near Jurullo, a volcano of Mexico, I have seen a cone of Basaltes which sprung from the earth, Sept. 15, 1759, and is now 259 feet above the level of the plain. The volcanic summits of Guatimala throw up a prodigious quantity of muriate of ammoniac. Those of Popayan and the elevated level of Pasto, emit sulphuric acid, sulphur, and hydrogene gas sulphurated. The Volcanoes of Quito, throw out pumice stone, basaltes and scoria of Porphyry. They pour enormous quantities of water; of clay, mixed with coal, and impregnated with sulphur. But as far as ancient tradition can go, they have produced no great mass of melted and fluid lava.

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