chemistry, the student of which has never seen a chemical agent, nor performed a single experiment. Send such a student into actual life, and he would not know practically a biscuit from a brickbat, however learned in mere book lore. But suppose a system of chemistry that spoke of acid, alkali, metal, &c., in unclassified generalities, how would the student be confused when he found one dozen or five dozen different acids, alkalies, and metals? But suppose he had never been taught a practical experiment, or the possibility of one, of how much service would be his speculative learning?

The world has yet to appreciate the boon to education, self-culture, choice of associates and occupations which | practical Phrenology offers. Some few have been wise enough to study it as a theory, and to put in practice its teachings.

The world has blundered on in darkness and ignorance relative to the nature of man- -wise in many respects, but lacking knowledge in that department of all others the most important, viz., MIND. Generation after generation have been obliged to feel their way into pursuits, one half making fatal mistakes in their choice, leading to discouragement, failure, poverty, and crime. For the parent and teacher, as a guide to social and moral culture, to education and selection of pursuits for the young, Phrenology is the only sure guide. It is not to be expected that persons in ordinary life will become such perfect

readers of character that they can successfully practise Phrenology as a profession; but we do claim that any person who is capable of following a trade for the successful support of a family, or of training up that family reputably, can acquire, at a cost of a bust and necessary books, and their spare hours during a year, a sufficient knowledge of the science to enable them to understand the character of their children, so as to train them according to their nature, and to select for them such a trade, pursuit, or profession as is best adapted to their talents and character. Those who reside in London, and who prefer taking lessons in practical Phrenology, rather than to go on without assistance, can vail themselves of this more ready way of acquiring the requisite knowledge. Classes of ladies and gentlemen may be taught at the Phrenological Rooms, 492, Oxford-street, by Mr. Jabez Inwards; and it is a source of great pleasure to us to recommend the science, especially to women, the quicker and more teachable sex. Nor should woman, at this day, attempt the important duty of training a family without the aid of Phrenology.

Those who have any knowledge of the science will agree with us in these views. Those who have not, and who, like most bigots, are satisfied in their ignorance, may deride them. For such cases we have abundance of pity, if not of patience.

Phrenological Depot, 492, Oxford-street,

London.

ALAS! are there so few things in the world about us, most unnatural and yet most natural in being so? Hear the magistrate or judge admonish the unnatural outcasts of society,-unnatural in brutal habits, unnatural in want of decency, unnatural in losing and confounding all distinctions between good and evil-unnatural in ignorance, in vice, in recklessness, in contumacy, in mind, in looks, in everything. But follow the

good clergyman or doctor, who, with his life imperilled at every breath he draws, goes down into their dens, laying within the echos of our carriage wheels, and daily tread upon the pavement stones. Look round upon the world of odious sights-millions of immortal creatures have no other world on earth-at the lightest motion of which humanity re. volts, and dainty delicacy, living in the next street, stops her ears, and lisps, "I

LABOR.

Ir would seem to be a dictate of reason that there should be a correspondence between the amount of food taken into the stomach and our exercise. According to Professors Liebig and Lavoisier, an adult man takes into his system, every year, 835 lbs. of oxygen, and yet does not increase in weight. What, then, becomes of the enormous quantity of oxygen introduced in the course of the year into the human system? The carbon and hydrogen of certain parts of the body have entered into combination with the oxygen introduced through the lungs and through the skin, and have been given out in form of carbonic acid and the vapor of water. At every moment, with every expiration, parts of the body are thus removed, and are emitted into the atmosphere. No part of the oxygen inspired is again expired as such. Now, it is found that an adult inspires 32 oz. of oxygen daily; this will convert the carbon of 24 lbs. of blood into carbonic acid. He must, therefore, take as much nutriment as will supply this daily loss; and, in fact, it is found that he does so; for the average amount of carbon in the daily food of an adult man, taking moderate exercise, is 14 oz., which require 37 oz. of oxygen for their conversion into carbonic acid. But it is obvious, as the inspired oxygen can be removed only by its conversion into carbonic acid and water, that the amount of food necessary for the support of the animal body must be in direct ratio to the quantity of oxygen taken into the system. Thus, a child in whom the organs of respiration are naturally in a state of great activity,

requires food more frequently and in greater proportions to its bulk than an adult, and is also less patient of hunger. A bird deprived of food, dies on the third day; whilst a serpent, which inspires a mere trace of oxygen, can live without food for three months. The capacity of the chest in an animal is a constant quantity; we therefore inspire the same volume of air, whether at the pole or the equator; but the weight of the air, and consequently of the oxygen, varies with the temperature. Thus, an adult man takes into the system, daily, 46,000 cubic inches of oxygen, which, if the temperature be 770, weigh 32 oz., but when the temperature sinks down to the freezing point (32o) it will weigh 35 oz. Thus, an adult in our climate in winter may inhale 35 oz. of oxygen; in Sicily he would inspire 28 oz.; and if in Sweden 36 oz. Hence, we inspire more carbon in cold weather, when the barometer is high, than we do in warm weather; and we must consume more or less carbon in our food in the same proportion. In our own climate, the difference between the summer and winter in the carbon expired, and therefore necessary for food, is as much as an eighth. Even when we consume equal weights of food, an infinitely wise Creator has so adjusted it as to meet the exigencies of climate. Now, the mutual action between the elements of food and the oxygen of the air is the source of animal heat. All living creatures whose existence depends on the absorption of oxygen, possess within themselves a source of heat, independent of the medium in which they exist; this heat, in Liebig's opinion, is wholly due to the combustion of the carbon and hydrogen contained in the

food which they consume. Animal heat exists only in those parts of the body through which arterial blood (and with it oxygen in solution) circulates. The carbon and hydrogen of food, in being converted by oxygen into carbonic acid and water, must give out as much heat as if they were burned in the open air; the only difference is, that this heat is spread over unequal spaces of time, but the actual amount is always the same. The temperature is the same in the torrid as in the frigid zone; but as the body may be considered in the light of a heated vessel, which cools with an accelerated rapidity, the colder the surrounding medium, it is obvious that the fuel necessary to retain its heat must vary in different climates. Thus, less heat is necessary in Palermo, where the temperature of the air is that of the human body, than in the polar regions, where it is about 90° lower. In the animal body the food is the fuel, and by a proper supply of oxygen, we obtain the heat given out during its combustion in winter. When we take exercise in a cold atmosphere, we respire a greater amount of oxygen, which implies a more abundant supply of carbon in the food; and by taking this food we form the most efficient protection against the cold. A starving man is soon frozen to death; and every one knows that the animals of prey of the Arctic regions are far more voracious than those of the torrid zone. Our clothing is merely equivalent for food, and the more warmly we are clothed, the less food we require.

This is further shown by Liebig's account of the composition of the blood, and of the identity of chemical composition of fibrine and albumen. The nutritive process is simplest in the case of the carnivora. This class of animals live on the blood and flesh of the graminivora, whose blood and flesh is

identical with their own. In a chemical sense, therefore, a carnivorous animal, in taking food, feeds upon itself; for the nutriment is identical in composition with its own tissues.

Liebig further shows, that the nitrogenized compounds of vegetables forming the food of graminivorous animals are called vegetable fibrine, vegetable albumen, and vegetable caseine. Now, analysis has led to the interesting result, that they are exactly of the same composition in one hundred parts; and what is still more extraordinary, they are absolutely identical with the chief constituents of the blood- animal fibrine and animal albumen. By identity we do not imply similarity, but absolute identity, even as far as their inorganic constituents are concerned. These considerations show the beautiful simplicity of nutrition. In point of fact, vegetables produce, in their inorganism, the blood of all animals. Animal and vegetable life are therefore most closely connected. When exercise is denied to graminivorous and omnivorous animals, this is tantamount to a deficient supply of oxygen. The carbon of the food not meeting with sufficient oxygen to consume it, passes into the compounds containing a large excess of carbon, and deficiency of oxygen; or, in other words, fat is produced. Liebig is led to the startling conclusion, that fat is altogether an abnormal and unnatural production, arising from the adaptation of nature to circumstances, and not of circumstances to nature altogether arising from a disproportion of carbon in the food to that of the oxygen respired by the lungs, or absorbed by the skin. Wild animals, in a state of nature, do not contain fat. The Bedouin or Arab of the desert, who shows with pride his lean, muscular, sinewy limbs, is altogether free from fat.

There are some kinds of exercise taken for health, which, in many cases, are injurious; such as jumping, when carried to excess, and riding in a chaise. The motion in these carriages brings the body into a stooping posture, and thus the chest is contracted, and pulmonary difficulties are either brought on or very much aggravated.

The practice of kneading, or working the abdomen, an hour or so before meals, has a very good effect. It is an excellent habit, also, for persons to accustom themselves to the use of the flesh-brush, hair mitten, or what, perhaps, would be better than either, a coarse wet towel, on retiring at night, and also in the morning before putting on the linen for the day. Friction in this way will not render the skin rough, as some have supposed. At the same time, move about or dance in the open air, without your clothing, for five or twenty minutes, before and after the cold bath; at least, brisk muscular motion of some kind should be continued till you feel warm; but it need not be protracted to a state of fatigue.

WORK.

The occupation should always be such as to agree with the health. It is nothing less than self-murder to continue in an employment which you know, or have good reason for believing, lessens your health, and thus shortens your life. The following facts are from an article in the British and Foreign Medical Review, for October, 1840, containing a review of a memoir on this subject, founded on the Tables of the Institution for Sick Mechanics, at Wurtzburg:

Among the curious items which the table affords is the following:-Of 10,000 persons of various occupations receiving high wages, only 1634 were sick in a year, and only 59 died; while

of those who received low wages, 2714 were sick, and 103 died.

The foregoing, we say, is one of the most curious items which the table in question affords; for one would hardly suspect such an effect to follow as the result of what seems to be so trifling a cause, at least comparatively, as a difference in wages. But there are other and more important comparisons.

No fact is better established than that professions and occupations in which very little muscular exercise is required, are far less healthy than those which require more exercise. Thus, of 10,000 coopers, thatchers, sailors, brewers, blacksmiths, stone-cutters, masons, millers, carpenters, wheelwrights, butchers, nailers, and slaters, only 2,133 were taken sick, and 67 died; while of 10,000 glovers, lacemakers, brush-makers, confectioners, hair-dressers, goldsmiths, shopkeepers, furriers, tailors, shoemakers, tapesterers, watch-makers, gilders, pewterers, dyers, bookbinders, and surgeons, 2371 sickened, and 101 died. The proportions of deaths in 10,000, who were treated, was also very great in the latter case, being no less than 439, or almost one-twentieth, while in the former it was only 317 in 10,000.

Again, a comparison is made in the table of the healthiness of those who sit, stand, &c., at their occupations. Thus, of those who always sit, 2,577 in 10,000 sicken annually, and 99 die. Of those who work in a stooping position, 2,858 sicken, and 95 die; while of those who alternately sit and stand, only 1,713 sicken, and 61 die. The proportion which die, of those who are treated at the institution, is greatest amongst those who constantly sit at their employment, being almost 400 to 10,000.

This last is a most important factone which requires the profoundest attention. For many an individual