of the pioneers across the continent. The frontiersmen of the Revolution stand in the front rank among the makers of America.

REFERENCES.

Roosevelt, The Winning of the West; Thwaites, Daniel Boone; How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest; Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution, Chap. XIII; Van Tyne, The American Revolution, Chap. XV; McLaughlin, The Confederation and the Constitution, Chaps. VII, VIII; Shaler, Kentucky; Phelan, History of Tennessee.

TOPICAL READINGS.

1. Pontiac's Treachery at Detroit.

Pontiac, I, 217-229.

Parkman, The Conspiracy of

2. The Backwoodsmen of the Alleghanies.

of the West, I, 101-133.

Roosevelt, The Winning

3. The Boyhood of Daniel Boone. Thwaites, Daniel Boone, 5-12.

4. Boone's First Hunting Trip in Kentucky. Thwaites, Daniel Boone, 71-84.

5. James Robertson and John Sevier.

the West, I, 176-183.

Roosevelt, The Winning of

6. The Battle of the Great Kanawha. Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, 1, 225-233.

7. The Capture of Kaskaskia. Thwaites, How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest, 18-33.

8. Clark's March across the "Drowned Lands." Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, II, 69-76.

11. Deeds of Daring on the Border. Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, III, 131-141.

12. The Battle of the Blue Licks.

West, III, 197-207.

Roosevelt, The Winning of the

13. The Ordinance of 1787. Fiske, The Critical Period of American History, 203-207.

14. The Story of St. Clair's Defeat. Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, IV, 35-47.

15. How Anthony Wayne Won Ohio from the Indians.

The Winning of the West, IV, 67-97.

Roosevelt,

There are many other stirring tales of Indian warfare and frontier

life in Roosevelt, The Winning of the West.

ILLUSTRATIVE LITERATURE.

Poems: Street, The Settler; Gallagher, The Mothers of the West; Venable, Johnny Appleseed.

Novels: Churchill, The Crossing; Thompson, Alice of Old Vincennes; Grey, Betty Zane; Bird, Nick of the Woods; Gray, Kentucky Chronicle; Paulding, Westward Ho; Cooper, The Pioneers; Hale, East and West.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. What towns in the Mississippi valley were founded by the French? 2. Draw a line on the map along the watershed between the rivers flowing to the Atlantic Ocean and those tributary to the Mississippi.

3. What geographical reasons account for the greatness of Pittsburgh?

4. Find out Daniel Boone's part in the Braddock expedition. What motives led the first settlers into Kentucky and Tennessee? In what ways were Boone and Sevier alike? In what respects did they differ?

5. Find upon the map the principal scenes of Indian fighting during the Revolution.

6. Why did George Rogers Clark lead his expedition into the Northwest? Why was his success a matter of great importance?

7. What is meant by the "public land"? What was its origin? What is the "Western Reserve"? Does the county in which you live have an officer called the recorder of deeds? If so, what are his duties?

8. Compare a county map of Pennsylvania or Virginia with one of Michigan or Kansas; how do you account for the difference in the shape of the counties?

9. What territories has the United States now? How are they governed? Why was the Ordinance of 1787 a very important law?

10. What were the advantages of life on the frontier? What were its disadvantages? If you had lived in the time of the Revolution would you have preferred to live in Philadelphia or in Kentucky? Why? What did the frontiersmen do for us?

The first election

CHAPTER X

THE FEDERALIST PERIOD

Starting the Government.-As soon as enough states had ratified the Constitution to make it the law of the land, a day was set for the election of a congress and a president. presidential Each state elected its senators and representatives and appointed the presidential electors who were to choose the president. There was no doubt about the man upon whom their choice would fall. Every elector voted for Washington because he was the most loved and trusted man in America. John Adams was made the first vice-president.

The fourth of March, 1789, was the day appointed for the organization of the new government, but traveling was slow Washington and difficult in those days and it was April before a quorum inaugurated of Congress reached New York which was then the capital

of the nation. The first work of Congress was to count the electoral votes and to send a message posthaste to Mount Vernon to notify Washington of his election. The president elect started at once for New York. His journey thither was a triumphal procession. At Philadelphia the church bells rang, at Trenton girls strewed flowers in his path, and the night he reached New York the sky was red with bonfires. On April 30th, on the balcony of Federal Hall, Washington took the oath of office in the presence of a great crowd which shouted, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States."

Congress next established executive departments to aid the president in his work. Washington appointed Thomas The Cabinet Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, his

first secretary of state. Alexander Hamilton, who had worked so hard to secure the ratification of the Constitution, was made the first secretary of the treasury. General Henry Knox who commanded the artillery in Washington's army during the Revolution became secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph of Virginia was named as the first attorney-general.

From left to right-President Washington; Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State; Henry Knox, Secretary of War; Edward Randolph, Attorney-General; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.

President Washington soon began to ask these men to meet with him from time to time to talk over the public business.

United States courts

The need of money

The tariff

Direct and indirect taxes

This was the beginning of the president's cabinet. Since Washington was president the cabinet has grown from four members to ten by the appointment of a postmaster-general, and secretaries of the navy, interior, agriculture, commerce, and labor.

The judicial department of the government was the last to be organized. The Constitution says that the judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as Congress shall establish. Before the close of 1789 Congress had created circuit and district courts below the Supreme Court. One of President Washington's duties was to appoint the judges of all the United States courts. John Jay of New York was made the first chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Putting the Finances of the Nation in Sound Condition.— When Washington became president the United States had an empty treasury and a large public debt which had been. incurred during the Revolution. The credit of the country was at its lowest ebb. The first need of the new government was money to meet its running expenses and to pay the interest on the public debt. One of the first laws passed by Congress was an act laying a duty or tax upon various articles imported into the United States. A list of dutiable goods with the rate of tax upon each is called a tariff. A tariff act is a law making such a list, though we often use the word tariff to express the rate of duty upon imported goods as, for example, when we speak of a "high tariff" or a "low tariff." The average rate of duty laid by the tariff act of 1789 was only a little more than eight per cent, a very low tariff in comparison with the one we have at present.

A tax is a sum of money paid by the citizen for the support of the government. It may be direct or indirect. A direct tax is a tax which must be paid by the person upon whom it is assessed, such as a tax upon a house which a man owns and lives in. An indirect tax is one which the taxpayer shifts upon others, as when an importer or manufacturer adds the tax which he has paid, upon the goods he imports or makes, to their price when he sells them and in this way makes his customers pay it. From 1789 until the last few years it was the policy of the United States to raise nearly all its revenue by indirect taxes.