ists

more law and order rather than more liberty or democracy. Our debt to The Federalist party gave the nation a well-organized govern- the Federalment, restored its financial credit, and established a wise policy in dealing with other countries. Then its work was done. Its downfall was equally fortunate for the country, for its leaders did not trust the people or believe them fit to govern themselves. A more democratic party was needed to guide the destinies of the nation in the nineteenth century.

REFERENCES.

Bassett, The Federalist System; Channing, History of the United States, Vol. IV; Johnson, Union and Democracy; Hart, The Formation of the Union; Walker, The Making of the Nation; Wilson, History of the American People, Vol. III; Schouler, History of the United States, Vol. I; McMaster, History of the People of the United States, Vols. I, II.

TOPICAL READINGS.

1. The Inauguration of Washington. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, I, 538-540.

2. The Early Life of Hamilton.

of the United States, I, 125-126.

McMaster, History of the People

3. Thomas Jefferson, The Republican Leader. Schouler, History

of the United States, I, 189-192.

4. The Whiskey Insurrection.

101-116.

Bassett, The Federalist System,

5. The Causes of the French Revolution.

Myers, General History,

627-632; or Robinson, History of Western Europe, 537-557; or Harding, New Mediaeval and Modern History, 467-481.

6. American Enthusiasm for the French Revolution. McMaster,

History of the People of the United States, II, 89-95.

7. The Mission of Citizen Genet. Bassett, The Federalist System, 89-98.

8. A Defense of the Jay Treaty. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, III, 315-319.

9. A Word Picture of Washington. Lodge, George Washington, II, 304-395.

10. The X, Y, Z Correspondence. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, III, 322-326.

11. The Enforcement of the Sedition Act.

System, 261-264.

12. A Character Sketch of John Adams. United States, 1, 505-512.

Bassett, The Federalist

Schouler, History of the

ILLUSTRATIVE LITERATURE.

Poems: Whittier, The Vow of Washington; Paine, Adams and Liberty; Hopkinson, Hail, Columbia.

Stories: Seawell, Little Jarvis; Mitchell, The Red City; Cooper, Miles Wallingford; Atherton, The Conqueror; Brackenridge, Modern Chivalry; Goodloe, Calvert of Strathore; Barr, The Maid of Maiden Lane; Cooke, Leather Stocking and Silk; Kennedy, Swallow Barn.

Biographies: Lodge, George Washington; Morse, John Adams; Lodge, Alexander Hamilton; Morse, Thomas Jefferson; Gay, James Madison.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. Who are the members of the present cabinet? Must the president be guided by the advice of his cabinet?

2. Name the United States courts lower than the Supreme Court. Who is now chief justice of the Supreme Court?

3. Find out the difference between a specific and an ad valorem duty. Which of our present political parties favors a high protective tariff?

4. Define the words debtor, creditor, bond, excise. What is a bank? What kinds of business does it do? What banks now issue paper money? 5. Do you believe in the political opinions of Hamilton or in those of Jefferson? Why? Which of our present political parties most resembles the Republicans of Jefferson's time?

6. What happened in Russia in 1917? Do you see any resemblance between this event and the French Revolution? What form of government existed in France at the time of the X, Y, Z Affair?

7. If Congress passes an act that it has no power to pass what is the rightful remedy?

8. Name three great leaders of the Federalists. What did each do for our country? What happened in 1789? In 1793? In 1798? Connect three events with 1794.

9. Questions for debate: Should we have helped the French in 1793? Should the Jay Treaty have been ratified? Should people have the right to criticise the government at all times?

CHAPTER XI

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

The Triumph of Democracy.-The election of 1800 was a turning point in the history of the United States. For twelve years the Federalists had wisely ruled the young nation. But A political as President Adams' term of office drew to a close it was evident revolution that his party had outlived its usefulness. Its leaders were quarreling among themselves. Its folly in passing the Alien and Sedition Acts was everywhere turning men against it. Moreover, their life in a new land tended to make the American people democratic at heart. The majority of them preferred the democratic ideas of Jefferson to the aristocratic notions of Adams and his party. The choice of Jefferson instead of Adams in the election of 1800 meant that henceforth the United States was to have a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

The election of 1800 revealed a serious defect in the Constitution and led to its correction. The Constitution provided

that each presidential elector should vote for two persons for The twelfth president and that the person having the largest number of amendment votes should be president, if the number of votes cast for him was a majority of the whole number of electors. It also provided that the person having the next largest number of votes should be the vice-president. The Republican party won the election of 1800 and every elector chosen by it voted for Jefferson. Unfortunately every Republican elector also voted for Aaron Burr. It was the plain intention of the Republicans to choose Jefferson president and Aaron Burr vice-president. But as the Constitution then read there was a tie vote, and it became the duty of the House of Representatives to choose a president from the two candidates having an equal number of votes. After a long and exciting contest the house elected Jefferson, and Burr accordingly became vice-president. In order to avoid such a situation in the future the twelfth amendment to the Constitution was adopted in 1804. This amend

ment provides that the presidential electors shall vote by separate ballots for president and vice-president, the method that is followed at the present time. In reality the choice of a president by the presidential electors has been a mere form ever since the contests between Adams and Jefferson, as the electors always vote for the candidates of their respective parties.

Year by year the democratic principles of the early Republican party became more firmly fixed in the hearts of the people. Jefferson was easily reëlected in 1804, and when his second term expired he was succeeded by his friend James Madison 1801 to 1825 of Virginia, who had been his secretary of state. Madison was

Three great Virginians govern from

These three great Virginians held in turn the office of President during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. They are sometimes called the Virginia dynasty in our history.

president for two terms, from 1809 to 1817, and then gave way to James Monroe, another Virginian, who had been his secretary of state. Monroe served from 1817 to 1825.. By 1820 the Federalist party had disappeared and President Monroe was chosen for a second term that year without opposition. These three great Virginians, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, led the Republican party to victory and governed the country during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Before the end of that period the principles of democracy for which they stood were firmly established. By 1825 new questions were coming to the front and new parties under new leaders were beginning to arise.

Thomas Jefferson, the Leader of Democracy.-Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated in Washington.

There was a great contrast between his inauguration and those Jefferson's of his predecessors. Both Washington and Adams were courtly inauguration. in manner and fond of fine clothes and ceremony. Adams had gone to his inauguration in a coach drawn by six horses and had been sworn into office with pomp and parade. Jefferson's dress and manners were as plain and democratic as his political

opinions. At noon on March 4, 1801, he left his lodgings in Washington, which was then a straggling village of perhaps five hundred inhabitants, and accompanied by a few friends walked to the capitol. Here he took the oath of office as president before John Marshall, who had recently been appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court by President Adams.

It is the custom of our presidents when taking office to give an inaugural address in which they state their views and