the work of many slaves in cleaning cotton; but it so stimulated the cotton-growing industry that soon the slaves thus displaced and many more were employed in plowing, planting, cultivating, and picking cotton upon the great plantations of the South. At the same time the labor of many more men was needed to make the gins, to prepare the wood and iron out of which they were made, and to transport the cotton crop to the markets of the world. This increasing demand for labor which came with the growth of the factory system was constantly drawing the young men and women from the country to the manufacturing towns. At the same time it was promoting immigration. After 1840 great numbers of European workers began to seek jobs in America.

In the old days of household industry nearly every workman was his own master, or hoped to be after he had learned

his trade and saved a little money to set up a shop of his own. Capitalists But it took a great deal more money than the workmen pos- and laborers sessed to build a factory and fill it with expensive machinery. Accordingly men with money built the factories and then employed the laborers to work in them for wages. In this way the factory system tended to divide the industrial world into capitalists and laborers, and gave rise to disputes between capital and labor which have often proved troublesome even down to the present time.

After the revolution in industry brought about by machinery, vastly larger quantities of manufactured goods were produced than ever before. These goods were so economically Changes in made that they could be sold at a very low price. Cotton the daily life of the people cloth for sheeting, for example, which cost forty cents a yard when it was woven by hand could be bought for seven cents a yard after the factory method of making it was fully developed. The masses of the people could now buy many things which formerly they had not been able to afford. At the same time many conveniences and comforts hitherto unknown began to appear in every home. The friction match took the place of the flint and steel, and the iron cook stove superseded the oldtime fireplace. There was less work to do in the household than formerly, because many things once made in every house were now being manufactured in factories. In a word, the great revolution in industry caused by the spirit of invention was

bringing about a change fully as remarkable in the daily life of the people.

REFERENCES.

Toynbee, The Industrial Revolution; Cheyney, Industrial History of England; Wright, Industrial Evolution; Coman, Industrial History of the United States; Bogart, Economic History of the United States; Thompson, History of the United States; McMaster, History of the People of the United States.

TOPICAL READINGS.

1. The New Machines for Spinning and Weaving. Cheyney, Industrial History of England, 203-212.

2. Samuel Slater and His Work. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, II, 164-165.

3. Eli Whitney.

States, II, 161-163.

McMaster, History of the People of the United

4. The First Steamboats. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, III, 486-494.

5. The Early Protective Tariff Laws. Coman, Industrial History of the United States, 187-192.

6. From Path to Turnpike. Earle, Stage Coach and Tavern Days, 223-240.

7. The "Cumberland Road." Sparks, The Expansion of the American People, 259-264.

8. The Erie Canal. Turner, Rise of the New West, 31-36.

9. The First Railroads in America. Sparks, The Expansion of the American People, 274-289

10. The Revolution in Farming. Bailey, Cyclopædia of American Agriculture, IV, 58-64.

ILLUSTRATIVE LITERATURE.

Novels: Bronte, Shirley; Kingsley, Alton Locke; Disraeli, Sybil, Besant, The Children of Gibeon.

Biographies: Smiles, Life of James Watt; Life of Stephenson; Knox, Life of Robert Fulton; Sutcliffe, Robert Fulton.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. What is meant by a "labor-saving" machine?

Have you any

such machines in your own home? Can you think of any such machines

that have recently come into use?

2. Make a list of the things that you can do that your great-grandparents could not do when they were children. What could they do that you cannot do?

3. What cities in our country are noted for the manufacture of textiles? What other power than steam is used to drive engines? What are our leading cotton-growing states? How much cotton is now grown in the United States each year?

4. Where are the chief deposits of iron ore in the United States? What American cities are famous for their manufactures of iron and steel? 5. Do you use anthracite or bituminous coal in your home? What does it cost a ton in your town?

6. Make a list of all the reasons you can find for and against a protective tariff.

7. What is meant by the statement that New York City stands at the starting point of the best road into the interior of the country?

8. In what ways was the railroad an improvement over the canal? What advantages had the canal over the railroad? Write an essay upon the influence of the railroads upon the history of our country.

9. In what ways has the industrial revolution changed our daily life?

Review

Why the

West grew rapidly after 1815

CHAPTER XV

THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE WEST

A New Rush into the West.-The story of the westward march of our people through the gaps of the Alleghanies, across the vast valley of the Mississippi, and over the mountain trails which led to the rich country on the Pacific Coast is the most interesting and the most important feature of our history. We have seen how Boone and Robertson led the vanguard in this conquest of the continent and gained a foothold on the eastern margin of the Mississippi Valley in Kentucky and Tennessee. We have followed George Rogers Clark and his heroic frontiersmen as they won the Northwest from the British in the days of the Revolution. We have learned how the western lands were ceded by the states to the United States, how a public land system was devised, and how a territorial form of government was created by the great Ordinance of 1787. We have traced the life and growth of the early West until we saw Kentucky and Tennessee, and a little later Ohio, enter the Union as the first western states.

This first movement of our people into the West occurred during the Revolution and the years which followed it. Another and far greater wave of western settlement started just after the War of 1812. The rapid growth of the West during the years following 1815 was due to several causes. In the first place it was easier and safer to go West than ever before. The appearance of the steamboat on the western rivers encouraged settlement in that section. The victories of Harrison and Jackson over the Indians lessened the danger from Indian attacks and opened much new land to settlement. The government sold this land to settlers at two dollars per acre and made it easy for them to pay for it on the instalment plan. In the last chapter we saw how the sale of cheap English goods after the War of 1812 closed many of the mills and factories in our eastern states. Great numbers of the people who were thus thrown out of work sought new homes upon the cheap lands of

the West. At the same time the growing demand for cotton led many planters in the older states of the South to move to the fertile cotton lands in the territories bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

The Western Settlers.-The greater part of the settlers of the Middle West were the outcome of a natural sifting that was going on among the people of the older states in the East. The quality The bold, the restless, those who loved adventure, and those of the pioneers who were dissatisfied with their condition or prospects at home and hoped to better them in a new country sought the frontier.

The timid, the home-loving, and all who were contented with their lot remained behind. The stream of immigrants from the East was joined by another from Europe. After the close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 many of the hardy sons of the countries of northern Europe came to America and a large part of them found homes in the Middle West. Sometimes these newcomers from Europe settled in groups, like the Swiss at Vevay, Indiana, or the Dutch at Holland, Michigan, but the most of them were scattered among the native Americans and soon became very much like them.

Three distinct classes of people helped to bring civiliza