could not pay their debts. Georgia grew very slowly and was the youngest and weakest of the colonies at the end of the colonial period.

We have seen how brave old Peter Stuyvesant was obliged to surrender New Netherland to the English. In 1664, Charles New York II gave this Dutch province to his brother James, Duke of

York and, in honor of the new proprietor, the name of the colony and of its principal town was changed to New York. In 1685 the Duke of York became king of England as James II, and New York then became a royal province. The English conquest of New Netherland brought few changes in that colony. Perhaps the most important of these changes was the giving of more power to the people to manage their own local affairs. For many years there were more Dutchmen than English

Early Settlements on the Hudson and the Delaware

men in New York. Slowly more settlers came, English, Scotch, French Huguenots, and Germans.

The same year that the Duke of York received the gift of New Netherland, he sold the part of it which we call New New Jersey Jersey to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. After changing hands several times, New Jersey became a royal colony in 1702. There were a few Dutch living in New Jersey before

1664. After that date, settlers came to this colony from England, from New England, and especially from Scotland, where a horrible persecution of the Presbyterians just at this time drove many members of that sect to America.

William Penn and the Quakers.-Pennsylvania, the last

of the group of proprietary colonies begun in the days of Charles II, was founded by William Penn, and his fellow Quakers were The Quakers its early settlers. The Quakers, or Friends, as they called themselves, were members of a religious sect which arose in England in the seventeenth century. The Quakers were plain in dress and speech. They looked upon all war as wrong, taught the equality of all men, and believed that God speaks directly to the soul of every man who listens with an attentive mind. They felt that there was no need of religious ceremonies, priests, or ministers. There are still many Quakers in Philadelphia and in neighboring parts of Pennsylvania.

A Quaker Trial

William Penn, the greatest man in the early colonial history of America, was the son of an admiral in the British navy. Early in life he became a Quaker and went about the country preaching his faith among the people. As the Quakers were persecuted in England in those days, more than once Penn found himself in prison. But this persecution only made him cling more resolutely to what he believed to be right.

"The Quakers were persecuted in England in William those days and often punished for preaching Penn their faith."

As years passed, Penn grew to be a wise and farseeing

man, the foremost leader of his sect in England. For a long Pennsylvania

Penn's wise policy

He visits Pennsylvania

time he had been thinking of making a settlement beyond the Atlantic in which his persecuted Quaker brethren could live in peace. At last the opportunity to carry out such a plan arose. The king owed his father, Admiral Penn, sixteen thousand pounds, and after the admiral's death, William Penn offered to take a tract of land in America in place of the money. Charles II readily accepted this offer and gave Penn a vast region extending five degrees west of the Delaware River

The king named the new colony Pennsylvania in honor of Admiral Penn. William Penn advertised his colony widely, sold land to the settlers on very easy terms, and promised them perfect liberty to believe and worship as they pleased. Every man was to be permitted to vote, and Penn at once drew up a "Frame of Government" which gave the people the right to govern themselves. In a letter to the people already living in Pennsylvania the new proprietor said, "You shall be gov

erned by laws of your own making, and live a free and, if you will, a sober, industrious people."

These attractive conditions soon brought many settlers to Pennsylvania. In 1682, the year in which Penn arrived in his colony, nearly three thousand people joined him, and the following year fifty ships came with settlers. Penn spent two years in Pennsylvania, making friends with the Indians, planning the chief city of the colony, which he named Philadelphia, the city of "brotherly love," and organizing the government. In 1684 his business interests in England required his return to that country, where he spent the remainder of his life, with the exception of a second visit to Pennsylvania in

THE LANDING OF WILLIAM PENN-1682

The founder of Pennsylvania came to America in the autumn of 1682. After stopping at Chester, he ascended the Delaware River in an open boat and landed by the side of a new house known in early Philadelphia history as the Blue Anchor Tavern. In the picture the inhabitants are flocking to the shore to greet the proprietor of the colony. In the welcoming throng are several Indians whose hearts Penn had already won by his easy confidence and familiar speech.