1696. In his absence he was represented in his colony by governors whom he appointed.

The early Quaker settlers of Pennsylvania were thrifty people who came well supplied with tools and provisions, and

consequently escaped the extreme hardship and suffering which Growth of were so prevalent in the early history of Virginia and New the colony England. The English Quakers continued to come to Pennsylvania in considerable numbers until about 1700. After that time most of the immigrants to Penn's colony were Germans, who fled from tyranny and religious persecution in their native land, and Scotch-Irish from the north of Ireland.

康佳

William Penn's Home in Philadelphia During His Second Visit

Why the English Came to America.-We have now briefly

traced the origins of all those settlements in the New World which in the course of time grew into thirteen strong colonies. Motives of We shall next study more definitely why these settlements were the colonists made at all. Why did the kings of England encourage every attempt to plant a colony in America? What made the rich men of the English nation invest their money so freely in colonial enterprises? What motives led so many Englishmen to brave the perils of the sea and the hardships of life in the wilderness in their efforts to establish new homes beyond the stormy Atlantic?

Desire for wealth and power

To promote trade

To find homes for

English poor

The long struggle between England and Spain in the sixteenth century did much to turn the attention of the English nation to America. Spain had built up a rich empire in America. Englishmen were fascinated by the tales of the gold and the jewels which the Spaniards had found in the New World. They wanted to share in this wealth, and at the same time they were eager to break the power of Spain and extend the dominions of their own nation. Some of the early English explorers came to trade with Spanish America or to plunder Spanish ships and Spanish cities. Others sought in vain for a passage through, North America to the Pacific Ocean that

they might share in the rich traffic with the Far East. All these expeditionsattracted attention to America, and opened the way for English settlement on its shores.

England, then as now, was dependent upon foreign countries for many articles of common use. The traders

of Portugal brought the spices and silks of the Orient; the countries of southern Europe furnished wines and dried fruits; from the lands bordering upon the Baltic Sea there came fur and hides, and timber, pitch, and tar for ships. The English government encouraged the planting of colonies in America in the hope that in time they would supply their mother country with these needed commodities and at the same time offer a good market for the goods, like linen and woolen cloth, which the English people made to sell.

At the time of the first settlements in America, Englishmen thought that their country had too many people in it. One writer said, "The poor starve in the streets for want of labor." Another wrote of "our poor sort of people, which are very many amongst us, and living altogether unprofitable, and oftentimes

to the great disquiet of the better sort." The English kings encouraged colonization, for one reason, because they thought that it would relieve the poverty of their people by removing swarms of idle persons to America.

Some of the rich men who invested their money in colonial enterprises were moved by the desire to convert the Indians to the Christian faith. Others, like Lord Baltimore, William Mixed Penn, and James Oglethorpe, wanted to make life easier for motives the persecuted and poverty-stricken in England. But the

chief motive with nearly all of them was the hope of making a large profit upon the money they invested.

Many of the Puritan settlers in New England and some of the Catholics of Maryland, the Quakers of Pennsylvania and the Cavaliers who came to Virginia after the death of Charles I, Desire for fled from religious persecution or political oppression in Eng- freedom and for a better land. But the chief motive which brought the bulk of the living early English colonists to America was the hope of making a better living than they had ever enjoyed in the mother country. Even the dangers and the uncertainties of life in the

Some were sent

New World with its possibilities of great success made a strong appeal to many daring and adventure-loving men who were tired of their humdrum life in England.

Not a few of the early colonists came because they were sent. The city of London, for example, paid the expense of sending its pauper children to Virginia. Sometimes vagabonds and criminals were sent to America or offered a pardon on the condition that they would voluntarily go to the colonies. Sometimes wealthy people in England subscribed money to provide poor emigrants with tools, clothing, provisions, and passage to one of the colonies. Sometimes poor men agreed with a ship captain to serve for a term of years in payment for a passage to America. The captains sold the services of these men to colonial farmers and planters, to whom they were bound, or "indentured," to serve out their promised time. In all these ways many a poor Englishman gained a new start in life in a new land.

REFERENCES.

Thwaites, The Colonies; Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation; Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors; The Beginnings of New England; The Dutch and Quaker Colonies; Tyler, England in America; Channing, History of the United States, Vols. I-II.

TOPICAL READINGS.

1. The Early Life of Captain John Smith. Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, I, 80-91.

2. How Captain John Smith Bought Corn of the Indians. Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, I, 132-141.

3. Toleration in Maryland. Browne, Maryland, 67-71.

4. The Pilgrims in Their English Home. Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation, 149-157.

5. The Causes of the Great Puritan Exodus. Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation, 191-199.

6. The Story of Anne Hutchinson. Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation, 329-341.

7. Life in New Netherland. Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies, I, 13-21.

8. The Swedes and the Dutch on the Delaware. Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies, I, 237-242.

9. The Early Life of William Penn. Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 114-118.

10. The Beginnings of Georgia. Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, II, 333-376.

ILLUSTRATIVE LITERATURE.

Poems: Drayton, To the Virginian Voyage; Stevenson, Henry Hudson's Quest; Hemans, Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers; Longfellow, The Courtship of Miles Standish; Pierpont, The Pilgrim Fathers; Whittier, John Underhill; Cassandra Southwick; The King's Missive.

Stories: Cooke, Stories of the Old Dominion; My Lady Pokahontas; Drake, The Making of New England; Irving, Knickerbocker's History of New York; Hawthorne, Grandfather's Chair; Dix, Soldier Rigdale; Austin, Standish of Standish; Betty Alden; Goodwin, The Head of a Hundred; Sir Christopher; Kennedy, Rob of the Bowl; Johnston, To Have and to Hold.

Biographies: Warner, Captain John Smith; Johnson, Captain John Smith; Twichell, John Winthrop; Straus, Roger Williams; Tuckerman, Peter Stuyvesant; Holland, William Penn; Bruce, James Edward Oglethorpe.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. If you were about to settle in a new land what kind of location would you choose for your house? Why?

2. What kind of house could the early settlers build out of the materials at hand? What tools did they need to bring with them from England?

3. What differences in climate did the early colonists find when they came from England to America? Why was there so much sickness among the earliest colonists?

4. What is religious toleration? Are people more or less tolerant now than they were in early colonial times? Why?

5. Ask the teacher to explain what a charter is.

6. Locate on an outline map all the places named in this chapter.

7. Make a list of all the reasons which led Englishmen to colonize in America.