10. Why John Brown Broke the Laws. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, IV, 147-150.

11. The Election of 1860. Rhodes, History of the United States, II, 440-502.

12. The Right and Wrong of Secession. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, IV, 169-178.

13. The Last Effort at Compromise. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, IV, 204-210.

ILLUSTRATIVE LITERATURE.

Poems: Whittier, The Kansas Emigrants; Brown of Osawatomie; Stedman, How Old Brown Took Harper's Ferry; Holmes, Brother Jonathan's Lament for Sister Caroline.

Novels: Tourgee, Hot Plowshares; Eggleston, Dorothy South; Two Gentlemen of Virginia; Conway, Pine and Palm; Dupuy, The Planter's Daughter; Harris, Free Joe.

Reminiscences: Clayton, Black and White under the Old Regime; Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War; Wise, The End of an Era.

Biographies: Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas; Morse, Abraham Lincoln; Storey, Charles Sumner; Villard, John Brown.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. What is meant by "popular sovereignty"? Was it a wise plan for settling the question of slavery in the territories? Why?

2. What is your opinion of the assault upon Sumner?

3. Who was chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of the Dred Scott decision? Who is chief justice now? How did the Dred Scott decision help to widen the breach between the sections?

4. What did Lincoln mean by “A house divided against itself cannot stand"?

5. Judging by the extracts from their speeches in this chapter, was Lincoln or Douglas the better debater? Give reasons for your opinion. What was the "Freeport Question"? Why did Douglas lose the support of the South when he answered this question?

6. Do you admire John Brown? Why? How would you have voted in 1860? Why?

7. What did men mean when they said, during the winter of 1860-61, "O, for one hour of Andrew Jackson"?

8. Make a list of all the events which helped to widen the breach between the North and the South, mentioned in this chapter. What were the real causes of secession?

CHAPTER XXI

THE CIVIL WAR

The North and the South at War.-In his inaugural address President Lincoln declared that "no state upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the Union"; and added, "I shall Lincoln's take care that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in appeal for all the states." Lincoln closed this noble address with a touching appeal for peace. "We are not enemies," he said, "but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained,

peace

"The attack on Fort Sumter roused and united the North like a bugle call."

it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic cords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."

But the Confederate leaders were in no mood to listen to this appeal. It was evident that any attempt to enforce the laws of the United States in the seceded states would mean The attack war. The first blow was struck at Fort Sumter in Charleston upon Fort harbor. The Confederacy was eager to possess the forts and

Sumter

The call to

arms

It

other property of the United States within its borders. occupied some of them, but Fort Sumter was still held by United States troops under Major Robert Anderson. It was known that Major Anderson could not hold out much longer without supplies. When they heard that the government at Washington was sending these supplies the Confederates opened fire on Fort Sumter. For thirty-four hours a hail of shot and shell fell upon the doomed stronghold. With the fort in ruins and his ammunition exhausted, Major Anderson surrendered and was permitted to withdraw with his men.

The attack on Fort Sumter roused and united the North like a bugle call. On April 15th Lincoln asked for seventy-five thousand men to maintain the Union. It would have been quite as easy to enlist several times that number. Soon the land was filled with the sound of preparation for war. The call of President Davis for one hundred thousand volunteers to defend the South met the same eager response. Compelled to choose between fighting for or against their southern neighbors, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas quickly seceded and joined the Confederacy. The southern capital was then moved from Montgomery to Richmond.

The border slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri halted between two opinions. Delaware's business The border relations were chiefly with the North and she had little inclina

states are

kept in the Union

tion to leave the Union. Eastern Maryland, like Virginia in its life and industry, sympathized with the South, but the western part of that state, like Pennsylvania in its physical geography, had no desire to secede. As Maryland was early occupied by Union troops hurrying to the defense of Washington she had no opportunity to withdraw from the Union even if a majority of her people had favored such a course. The western counties of Virginia were far more like the neighboring section of Ohio than they were like Virginia east of the mountains, and their people refused to follow the rest of the Virginians into the Confederacy. During the summer of 1861 the Confederates were driven from this region by Union forces under General McClellan, and two years later it was made the state of West Virginia. Eastern Kentucky, with its rugged country, small farms, and few slaves, was loyal to the Union. Western Kentucky with its tobacco plantations worked by slave labor,