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the world were intolerant of differences in belief or worship, and religious persecution was the rule. This spirit of intolerance Intolerance came to America from the Old World. In Virginia, Catholics and Quakers were pilloried and fined, and in Massachusetts four Quakers were put to death because they persisted in preaching their faith. Maryland and Rhode Island showed the way to broader toleration, and Pennsylvania had genuine religious freedom from its earliest days.

Our colonial ancestors were a deeply religious people. Their fear of God, their upright lives, and their high sense of

duty to their fellow men are as much a part of our rich heritage Our heritage from them as their habits of industry, their dauntless courage, their capacity for self-government, and their love of liberty.

REFERENCES.

Thwaites, The Colonies; Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America; Greene, Provincial America; Channing, History of the United States, Vols. I, II; Eggleston, The Transit of Civilization; Brigham, Geographic Influences in American History; Earle, Home Life in Colonial Days; Child Life in Colonial Days; Fisher, Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times.

TOPICAL READINGS.

1. The Coming of the Foreigners. Channing, History of the United States, II, 401-420.

2. The Medical Notions of the Colonists. Eggleston, The Transit of Civilization, 48-80.

3. The Story of the Salem Witchcraft.

New England, 133-196.

Fiske, New France and

4. The Eastern Gateway of the United States. Brigham, Geographic Influences in American History, 1-36.

5. A Visit to a Virginia Plantation. Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, II, 220-230.

6. A Picture of Life in Virginia. Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, II, 230-235.

7. The Home of the Schuylers on the Hudson. Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 266-271.

8. A Lady's Travel in New England. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, II, 224-229.

9. A Story of Travel in New York. Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 74-86.

10. Schools and School Life. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days

from our ancestors

11. Sunday in the Colonies. Earle, Home Life in Colonial Days, 364-387.

12. An Evangelist in Georgia Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, II, 283-287.

ILLUSTRATIVE LITERATURE.

Poems: Whittier, Snow Bound; Longfellow, Giles Corey of the Salem

Farms.

Stories and Essays: Holland, The Bay Path; Dix, The Making of Christopher Ferringham; Mistress Content Cradock; Bynner, The Begum's Daughter; Johnston, Prisoners of Hope; Hawthorne, Twice Told Tales; The Scarlet Letter; Franklin, Autobiography; Eggleston, Our First Century; Coffin, Old Times in the Colonies.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. To what country or countries in Europe can you trace your own ancestry? What European peoples are represented in your school? What is the origin of the name of your home town?

2. Why are people less superstitious now than they were in colonial times? Why have we stopped using the stocks and the whipping post in punishing people convicted of crime? Why should wrongdoers be punished at all?

3. In what ways has the physical geography of your neighborhood influenced the life of its people? What trees are found in your vicinity? What geographical facts determined the location of Boston? Of New York? Of Philadelphia? Of Baltimore? Of Charleston?

4. How many inches of rain fall in a year in your neighborhood? What crops are most profitably grown where you live? What effect does our daily work have upon us?

5. What foods that we commonly use were unknown to the colonists? Contrast your own life with that of a colonial boy or girl from the standpoints of conveniences in the house, clothing, amusements, travel, education, and religion.

CHAPTER V

THE RIVALRY OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN AMERICA

The Beginnings of New France.-Three great nations, Spain, France, and England, each claimed that part of North America now occupied by the United States. After the daring Rival claims sailors of Queen Elizabeth had defeated the Spanish Armada in America and broken the sea power of Spain, it was no longer possible for the Spaniards to make good their claim. But France and England continued to be rivals for the heart of the American continent throughout the entire colonial period of our history. We must now turn to the story of their rivalry.

As early as 1524 Verrazano, an Italian sailor in the Frenchservice, while seeking a western waterway to China saw the American coast and entered New York harbor. Ten years later Jacques Cartier, a hardy French mariner, boldly crossed the Atlantic in a little ship of sixty tons and discovered the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Returning the next year Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence River as far as the present site of Montreal. Other Frenchmen came to this northern region to fish or to trade for furs, but no permanent French settlement was made in it until the dawn of the seventeenth

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century. The work of the early French explorers is important because France based her claim to America upon it.

Samuel de Champlain was the real founder of New France.

Early
French

explorers

After fighting in the armies of. King Henry the Fourth, ChamChamplain plain visited Spanish America where he suggested the plan of at Quebec a ship canal across the isthmus of Panama. In 1604 he helped to plant the first permanent French settlement in America at Port Royal in Acadia, now Nova Scotia. In 1608, at the foot of the frowning cliff of Quebec, he founded the city which was

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destined to be the capital of New France. Champlain began his first winter at Quebec with twenty-eight men, and in the spring only eight of them were left alive; yet no thought of giving up entered the mind of this resolute man.

In the summer of 1609 Champlain went, with a war party of Algonquin Indians, to attack their hereditary enemies, the The enmity Iroquois, who lived in the present state of New York. He did this because he wanted to win the friendship of the Indians

of the

Iroquois

in Canada and at the same time to explore the country. During this expedition Champlain discovered the beautiful lake which now bears his name; and on its shores he easily defeated a war band of the Iroquois, who were frightened by the Frenchmen's guns, for they had never heard firearms before. This little battle had far-reaching consequences. It made the Iroquois the relentless enemies of the French colonists in Canada, many of whom perished under the tomahawks of these fiercest of red men. Because of this enmity of the Iroquois, the French were unable to penetrate the region where they lived and pushed westward instead in the direction of the Great Lakes.

Ever restless and active, Champlain was foremost in the work of exploring the interior of the country. Four years after he discovered Lake Champlain he led an exploring party up the Ottawa River. Day after day these intrepid Frenchmen, with their Indian friends, paddled their birchbark canoes up the stream or carried them around the numerous rapids in the river. From its headwaters they crossed to a westward-flowing stream and at last stood upon the shores of Lake Huron, the first of the Great Lakes to be seen by a European.

Samuel de Champlain

For more than a quarter of a century Champlain was the soul of New France. He toiled without ceasing to strengthen

Champlain explores the interior

[graphic]

the little colony, to bring over more settlers from France, to Success at win the friendship of the Canadian Indians, and to defend his last

people against the savage Iroquois. When he died in 1635

the French settlement on the St. Lawrence, though still small and weak, was firmly established.

A variety of motives led the French to colonize Canada.

The hope of finding gold and silver was uppermost in the minds

of many. The rich fur trade enlisted the interest of the mer- The motives chants. The love of adventure and of the wild, free life of of the French the forest made its appeal to a host of gallant spirits. The king encouraged the movement because it promised to enlarge

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